Draw a typical eukaryotic gene and the pre-mRNA and mRNA derived from it. Assume that the gene contains three exons. Identify the following items and, for each item, give a brief description of its function:a. 5' untranslated regionb. Promoterc. AAUAAA consensus sequenced. Transcription start sitee. 3' untranslated regionf. Intronsg. Exonsh. Poly(A) taili. 5'cap
Answers
A typical eukaryotic gene contains three exons and introns, and when transcribed, produces pre-mRNA and mRNA.
What is translation?5' untranslated region (5' UTR): This region is located at the 5' end of the mRNA transcript and is not translated. It serves as a binding site for ribosomes and influences the efficiency of translation.
Promoter: This is a DNA sequence located at the 5' end of the gene that is responsible for controlling the rate of transcription of the gene.
AAUAAA consensus sequence: This is a specific nucleotide sequence that serves as a signal for the endonuclease enzyme to bind and cleave the pre-mRNA molecule during post-transcriptional processing.
Transcription start site: This is the point in the DNA sequence where the transcription of a gene begins.
3' untranslated region (3' UTR): This region is located at the 3' end of the mRNA transcript and is not translated. It can be involved in regulation of gene expression, protein stability and polyadenylation.
Introns: These are sequences of DNA within a gene that are transcribed but are not translated into protein.
Exons: These are sequences of DNA within a gene that are transcribed and are translated into protein.
Poly(A) tail: This is a stretch of A nucleotides added to the 3' end of the mRNA during post-transcriptional processing.
5' cap: This is a modified nucleotide structure added to the 5' end of the mRNA during post-transcriptional processing. It serves to protect the mRNA from degradation and also aids in the translation of the mRNA into protein.
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Related Questions
Explain why an investment of activation energy is necessary to initiate a spontaneous (exergonic) reaction.
Answers
In order to be reactive,the stable molecules must become unstable. As a result, energy is required for molecules to reach the transition state when their bonds can be broken.
Like all other chemical reactions, exothermic reactions also require activation energy to start. In order to move together, overcome repellent forces, and start bond breakage, reactants need activation energy.
Exergonic reactions occur automatically (no outside energy is required to start them). It might be characterised as an impulsive or enthusiastic reaction. The following other characteristics are also present in exergonic reactions:
1. The ecosystem receives energy from them.
2. The free energy of the system decreases.
3. The entropy is constantly changing. Another viewpoint is that the problem is the system's
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What is it called when the amount of water that evaporates equals the amount that condenses?
Answers
Answer:
Look down!! ;)
Explanation:
So, as the number of water vapor molecules increases in the air above the water, the condensation rate increases, too. The condensation rate will continue to increase until it matches the evaporation rate, which is a state called equilibrium, meaning the condensation rate equals the evaporation rate.
Hope this answers your question!! ;)
Questions for Activity 3: Making Molecular Models of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
Text BoxDraw what you think the models of aerobic and anaerobic respiration would look like if you constructed them using models like in figures 3-6
Answers
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Irineu vc não sabe nem eu
sksosmmsos!s s s s s. s sim cofmc. kc c. ocmc c. ximc.
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sou toxic
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self-splicing group ii introns: please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices exist in protein-coding genes and some mitochondria and chloroplast genes do not identify introns using snrna. do not use a spliceosome to splice exons. base pair internally to form structures similar to spliceosomal structures. all of the answers are correct.
Answers
All the conditions are true about self-splicing group ii introns. So, all of the answers are correct.
Base pair internally to form structures similar to spliceosomal structures. Group II introns are RNA molecules that fold into specific 3D structures and can catalyze their removal and ligation from RNA transcripts in a reaction known as self-splicing. A ribozyme is an RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme. Group II introns are examples of ribozymes because they perform chemical reactions. Self-splicing is an intron removal mechanism that is not reliant on protein enzymes for splicing.
The group II intron's catalytic activity stems from its RNA structure, which has an elaborate 3D architecture. The reaction is aided by specific magnesium ions that bind to the RNA and modify its shape. The group II intron splicing mechanism is comparable to that of the spliceosome in pre-mRNA splicing in eukaryotic cells. Unlike the spliceosome, which is a protein-RNA complex, the group II intron splices itself. The intron RNA folds into an enormously complex structure with many domains and folds that are crucial for splicing.
The two exons are brought together by the folding of the intron RNA into a catalytically active structure that includes two conserved domains, D5 and D6, after the excision of the intron. It is possible that this folding mechanism is analogous to the folding mechanism used by spliceosomes to bring the 5’ and 3’ splice sites together during splicing.
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If species a provides a habitat to species b as part of a mutualistic relationship, what is the probable effect on the abundance and distribution of species b?
Answers
Species B will not be able to survive outside the range of the species A.
What is mutualistic relationship?Relationship between creatures of different species that is mutualistic and advantageous to both parties, predation.Mutualism is a sort of symbiotic association in which all of the participating species gain from one another.When two organisms of different species "operate together," they are said to be in a mutualistic relationship since they both gain from it. The interaction between the oxpecker and the rhinoceros or zebra is an illustration of a mutualistic partnership.The word "mutualist" denotes that the host and the tiny partner are the other participants involved in the mutualism. For instance, ants eat and drink acacia tree nectar to survive. In this case, the mutualists are ants, and the hosts are acacia trees. Ants have a place to live and food to eat in the acacia tree.Learn more about mutualistic relationship here:
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what process causes stem cells to become immune system cells,then some immune system cells to become antibodies?
Answers
5) What is the contour interval used on this map?
Answers
The contour interval is 20 on this topographic map.
Explanation:
On this topographic map, we can see that the elevation is represented with contour lines, as is in most cases. Not all contour lines have a number next to them that tells us what is the particular elevation, but only every fifth contour line is numerically marked. The reason for this is so that there isn't too much information on the map that will obstruct the purpose of it.
The three contour lines that are numerically marked have values of 100, 200, and 300. As mentioned, the numerically marked contour lines are the fifth ones, so between the one with a value of 100 and 200, there are five contour lines. In order to get the contour interval, we simply need to divide with five the difference between two neighboring numerically marked contour lines.
100 / 5 = 20
The value of the contour interval is 20.
How did cyanobacteria aid the evolution of complex life on land? Do you think cyanobacteria are as significant to this process today as
they were during Precambrian time?
NEED ASAPPPP ITS TIMED
Answers
Cyanobacteria are one of the most ancient groups of photosynthetic organisms. They played a critical role in the evolution of complex life on land by producing oxygen. They are also known as blue-green algae. They have existed on Earth for more than 3.5 billion years and played an essential role in creating Earth's oxygen-rich atmosphere. The emergence of cyanobacteria marks a significant point in Earth's evolution.
The presence of oxygen allowed for the development of complex organisms, including plants and animals. Cyanobacteria aided the evolution of complex life on land by their ability to photosynthesize. They were the first organisms to evolve a complex process that enabled them to use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose.
This process is known as photosynthesis, and it is responsible for the oxygen-rich atmosphere of our planet. Cyanobacteria were the first photosynthetic organisms to produce oxygen. During Precambrian time, cyanobacteria produced more oxygen than any other organism. They were responsible for oxygenating Earth's atmosphere and allowing for the evolution of aerobic organisms.
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Where would you find a strong acid on the pH scale?
A. 1
B. 5
C. 3
D. 13
Answers
Answer:
A. 1
Explanation:
pH is a measure of how acidic/basic a substance is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base.
note: the closer you are to the neutral the weaker it gets.
What is the origin of a warm, wet air mass?
Answers
What are the 5 mechanisms of evolution and their definition?
Answers
Evolution is the process of the gradual transformation of species through changes over time. The five mechanisms of evolution are genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection, mutation, and non-random mating. Below is a brief description of each mechanism.
1. Genetic Drift: It is a mechanism of evolution that occurs due to the random fluctuations of the allelic frequencies in a population. In a small population, genetic drift is significant, and it causes allele frequencies to fluctuate from generation to generation.
2. Gene Flow: It is the movement of genes from one population to another. Gene flow can occur when individuals migrate from one population to another, and the exchange of genes between these populations can cause evolutionary changes.
3. Natural Selection: It is the process that leads to the survival and reproduction of organisms that are better adapted to their environment. In natural selection, the individuals with advantageous traits have a better chance of survival and reproduction, which leads to changes in the population over time.
4. Mutation: It is the process of the introduction of new genetic variants in a population. Mutations are random events that can lead to the formation of new alleles and can cause evolutionary changes in populations over time.
5. Non-Random Mating: It is a situation where individuals with certain traits tend to mate with each other more frequently than with others. Non-random mating can lead to changes in the frequency of alleles in a population and can lead to evolutionary changes.
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The third activity you engage in during perception is ___________, the assignment of meaning to stimuli.
Answers
The third activity you engage in during perception is interpretation, which involves assigning meaning to stimuli.
After sensing and selecting relevant stimuli from the environment, interpretation takes place to make sense of those stimuli. It is the process of understanding and giving significance to the information received through the senses. This cognitive process involves integrating sensory input with existing knowledge, beliefs, and experiences to derive meaning from the stimuli.
Interpretation is subjective and can vary among individuals based on their unique perspectives, cultural backgrounds, and personal biases. It involves cognitive processes such as pattern recognition, memory retrieval, and associations.
During interpretation, the brain tries to make sense of the sensory information by drawing upon previous knowledge and mental representations. It seeks to answer questions such as "What does this stimulus represent?" or "What does it mean in the context of my experiences and understanding?"
Overall, interpretation plays a crucial role in transforming raw sensory data into meaningful information, allowing individuals to understand and navigate their environment effectively.
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Which of the following would reduce urban runoff?
Construct a shopping mall
Increase the number of storm drains
Increase the number of subdivisions
Use permeable pavement for sidewalks
Answers
Answer:
2
Explanation:
Answer:
B, Increase the number of storm drains.
Explanation:
A nerve is a bundle of axons, and some nerves are less sensitive to lidocaine. If a nerve, rather than an axon, had been used in the lidocaine experiment, the responses recorded at R1 and R2 would be the sum of all the action potentials (called a compound action potential). Would the response at R2 after lidocaine application necessarily be zero? Why or why not?
Answers
Answer:
the response at R2 after lidocaine application will not be zero
Explanation:
The response at R2 after lidocaine would not be zero because it is recording the of all action potentials and some axons may be unaffected.
Climate change has caused a lot of Arctic snow to melt. Without enough snow to reflect solar radiation, the Arctic region is absorbing heat and getting warmer. Warmer polar winds and weak summer storms are proof of Arctic warming.
Cool, powerful summer storms provide welcome relief from heat waves in northern regions such as Europe. These storms are powered by the temperature difference between the hot land and the cold Arctic. But since the Arctic has gotten warmer, the temperature difference has reduced. The smaller temperature difference has resulted in weak, mild summer storms that are unable to snap heat waves. So, Arctic warming may have contributed to the massive heat wave of 2003.
Answers
The burning of fossil fuels such as coal has resulted in global warming as a result of climate change. Climate change has caused a lot of Arctic snow to melt.
What is climate change?
Long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns are referred to as climate change. These changes may be organic, but since the 1800s, human activity has been the primary cause of climate change. This is mainly because burning fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gas, release gases that trap heat.
Climate change is seen in global warming.
A lot of Arctic snow has melted as a result of climate change and this is known as Arctic warming.
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Que enfermedades pueden ocasionar algunos virus además del coranavirus
Answers
Answer:
La gripe es una enfermedad común causada por un virus.
if you have to create a super weed, what characteristics would you be sure to include?
Answers
A biological membrane is a bilayer that contains lipids with? a.) hydrophilic head groups oriented toward the solvent (extracellular fluid and cytosol) and hydrophobic tail groups pointing inward.
b.) hydrophilic head groups pointing inward and hydrophobic tail groups oriented toward the solvent (extracellular fluid and cytosol).
c.) hydrophobic head groups oriented toward the solvent (extracellular fluid and cytosol) and hydrophilic tail groups pointing inward.
Answers
A.) Hydrophobic tail groups pointed bilayer inward and hydrophilic head groups orientated towards the solvent (cytosol and extracellular fluid).
A biological membrane made up of two layers of lipid molecules is called a lipid bilayer. The heads of lipid molecules, also known as phospholipids, are hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic. The tail regions gather together because they are drawn to each other and slightly repulsed by water. All of the lipid molecules found in cell membranes were amphipathic (or amphiphilic), which means they each have a polar hydrophilic end and a nonpolar hydrophobic end. A few protein parts are placed into in the bilayer, and the majority of them span it.
[Biological membranes are present in all cells, and they make up the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells. They have many functions, including acting as barriers that selectively allow the transport of small molecules and ions into and out of the cell or organelle.]
(A biological membrane is a bilayer that contains lipids with
a.) hydrophilic head groups oriented toward the solvent (extracellular fluid and cytosol) and hydrophobic tail groups pointing inward.
b.) hydrophilic head groups pointing inward and hydrophobic tail groups oriented toward the solvent (extracellular fluid and cytosol).
c.) hydrophobic head groups oriented toward the solvent (extracellular fluid and cytosol) and hydrophilic tail groups pointing inward.)
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What makes birds and planes similar and different.?
Answers
Answer:
Airplanes have wings, just like birds. They also have a light skeleton (or framework) to decrease their weight, and they have a streamlined shape to decrease drag. The big difference is that airplanes do not flap their wings.
Johnny is looking at cells taken from plant roots. Which organelle that is
usually found in all plant cells is he not likely to find? *
A cell wall
B plasma membrane
C nucleus
D chloroplasts
Answers
Explanation:
Chloroplasts are what give plants their green pigment. This pigment is not found in root systems and is therefore missing from the root cells.
Choose the word that best describes the type of fossil being made. Some words may be used more than once.
1. A triceratops uses its horns to gouge a chunk out of a log. The log gets fossilized, with the gouges intact. ___________________
2. A prehistoric beetle falls into a pool of mud. The mud hardens around the beetle's body, which decays away.__________________
3. The space left behind by the beetle fills in with minerals, which harden over time into the beetle's shape.____________________________
4. A small mammal falls into a tar pit, where it is entirely preserved._______________
Mold Trace Body cast
Answers
Answer:
1. Trace
2. Mold
3. Cast
4. Body
Answer: the answers are as follows
1) Trace
2) Mold
3) Cast
4) Body
Explanation:
if you research it/ know a lot about the topic, these would fill in the blanks. Hope this helps<3
How do positive and negative feedback loops differ?
a Positive feedback loops increase the amount of positively charged ions, while negative feedback loops increase the amount of negatively charged ions.
b There is no difference; they both have similar functions.
c Positive feedback loops are good for the cells, while negative feedback loops are harmful to cells.
d Positive feedback loops increase the initial signal, while negative feedback loops decrease the original signal.
Answers
Answer:
Positive and negative feedback differs in that positive feedback loops increase the initial signal, while negative feedback loops decrease the original signal (option d).
Explanation:
Feedback is a process that, applied to biological systems, allows for the changes needed to maintain homeostasis.
Negative feedback loop occurs when a stimulus is presented, producing a change in the body, so the response is to stop the change that is occurring. It is the most frequent type of feedback and has the greatest impact on homeostasis. An example of negative feedback is a decrease in body temperature through sweating. Positive feedback loop occurs when the stimulus produces a change and promotes a response that reinforces that change. The classic example of positive feedback is the secretion of oxytocin, promoted by uterine contractions, whose effect is to increase those contractions, allowing labor.In summary, positive feedback loop acts by increasing an action or signal in the body, while the negative feedback loop reduces or stops the action or signal that occurs.
Answer:
D is correct
Positive feedback loops increase the initial signal, while negative feedback loops decrease the original signal.
Explanation:
pleaseee help me fasttt
Answers
Answer:
1. A 2.B 3.B 4.C 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D
Explanation:
Plants and ____, like bacteria, work together in a symbiotic relationship to transform nitrogen into a usable forn for plants and, eventually, other organisms.
Answers
Answer:
Decomposers
Explanation:
Decomposers transform forms of nitrogen organisms cannot use into forms of nitrogen that plants can use
The distance around the park is 2 miles. Cecilia ran around the park 3 times. How far did she run?
Answers
Answer:
6 miles
Explanation:
the distance around the park is 2 miles. and she ran around 3 times. so 2 times 3
solve it according to the question please.
the subject is petroleum, so please solve it regardibg
this.
F- Explain the global carbon-climate cycle during the Cretaceous period. (Write only one paragraph describing what happened during the Cretaceous geological period in order to have good source rocks.)
Answers
During the Cretaceous period, high temperatures and abundant vegetation resulted in increased \(CO_2\) levels, leading to the accumulation of organic matter and the formation of good source rocks for oil and gas.
During the Cretaceous period, spanning from approximately 145 to 66 million years ago, the global carbon-climate cycle played a crucial role in the development of favorable conditions for the formation of good source rocks. The period was characterized by high global temperatures and abundant vegetation, resulting in increased carbon dioxide \((CO_2)\) levels in the atmosphere.
The elevated \(CO_2\) levels fueled vigorous photosynthesis, leading to the accumulation of organic matter in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. As this organic matter was buried and subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years, it transformed into oil and gas, creating potential source rocks. The warm climate and prolific vegetation during the Cretaceous, along with the subsequent geological processes, contributed to the formation of the rich hydrocarbon reserves that are vital to our energy resources today.
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The correct question is:
Explain the global carbon-climate cycle during the Cretaceous period. (Write only one paragraph describing what happened during the Cretaceous geological period in order to have good source rocks.)
A chemical by itself is harmless in the human body. However, in the presence of lead, the
chemical becomes toxic. This is the result of
Select one:
Oa. Bioaccumulation
Ob. Biomagnification
Oc. The Synergy Effect
Od. Endocrine Disruptors
Answers
If a harmless chemical becomes toxic in the presence of lead, this is the result of the Synergy Effect.
What is the Synergy Effect?The Synergy Effect refers to a phenomenon in which a substance can change its properties such as toxicity in the presence of another substance.
In this case, the chemical is under the Synergy Effect because it becomes toxic in the presence of a metal (Pb).
This effect is evident when the interaction of chemical substances is not equal to the substances alone.
In conclusion, if a harmless chemical becomes toxic in the presence of lead, this is the result of the Synergy Effect.
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What factor determines when an animal species will enter an ecosystem insuccession?A. Food availabilityB. PioneersC. CompetitionD. Minerals
Answers
Ecology: Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the process of change in the species present in an ecosystem over time.
There are two types of succession:
• Primary succession,, where an area that hasn't had any life before begins to be colonized, such as a new island.
,• Secondary succession,, where there is a disturbance, such as a fire, that removes the organisms living in that area.
The changes in plants depend on changes in the soil and interactions with other organisms, such as competition for light with other plants and feeding from herbivores.
On the other hand, the changes in animals depend on sources of food and predation interactions.
This means the correct answer would be A. Food availability.
Kingdom animalia contains 350,000 species of what?.
Answers
5. In the following picture, label each of the letters
with what is occuring
Answers
Answer: see explanation
Explanation:
A. substrate
B. Active site
C. Enzyme binds with substrate
D. Active site of enzyme
E. Products leaving active site
Simplified enzymatic reaction. The substrate reversibly binds to the active site of the enzyme, forming the enzyme-substrate (ES) complex. The bound substrate is converted to product by catalytic groups in the active site, forming the enzyme-product complex (EP). The bound products are released, returning the enzyme to its unbound form, ready to catalyze another round of converting substrate to product.