Hypercholesterolemia is an inherited disease in which the body's cells lack protein receptors that bind to cholesterol-delivering low-density lipoproteins.
Based on the knowledge of cell anatomy, the consequence of the lack of this receptor may be the inability of the body to get rid of the low-density lipoproteins (LDL) from the bloodstream which may lead to high levels of cholesterol in the blood and various health problems. This health problem is usually caused due to the mutation in one of two genes, namely LDLR (LDL receptor gene) or APOB (apolipoprotein B).
The LDL receptors are protein structures that are present on the surface of cells that binds the LDL cholesterol and removes them from the bloodstream. In this case, the absence of these receptors leads to a buildup of LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream, which is known as hypercholesterolemia.
Hypercholesterolemia is characterized by high levels of cholesterol in the blood, which may result in various health problems such as coronary heart disease, heart attacks, strokes, or peripheral vascular disease. High levels of LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream can lead to the formation of plaques in the arteries. These plaques are formed due to the buildup of cholesterol and other substances in the walls of the arteries, making them narrow and hardened. This narrowing of arteries leads to restricted blood flow to the heart and other parts of the body, which can cause chest pain, heart attacks, or strokes.
Thus, it is important to get this disease diagnosed early and adopt a healthy lifestyle and medications to control cholesterol levels in the blood.
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The body needs glucose from carbohydrates for major organs and tissues. If dietary carbohydrates are inadequate, the body utilizes other sources to provide energy. What is the only source that can not be used to directly make glucose?.
Fatty acids and glycerol combine to form complex molecules known as fats. Fats are necessary for the body's growth and energy.
They are also used to create a variety of other compounds that the body needs to function (such as prostaglandins). Although they provide energy slowly, fats are the most energy-efficient type of diet.
Carbohydrates
Plant foods are the major sources of carbohydrates. They can also be found in dairy products as lactose, a milk sugar. Bread, pasta, beans, potatoes, rice, and cereals are examples of foods high in carbs.
In living things, carbohydrates have a variety of functions, including supplying energy.
Carbohydrate byproducts have a role in blood coagulation, disease development, the immune system, and reproduction.
Foods include a variety of carbohydrates, including the following:
Dietary fiber is a kind of carbohydrate that the body finds difficult to break down. Fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, beans, and whole grains all naturally contain it.
Total sugars, which comprise added sugars, which are frequently found in baked goods, candies, and desserts, as well as sugars that naturally present in foods, such as dairy products. Sugars are easily absorbed and digested by the body.
A form of carbohydrate that the body can not completely digest is called sugar alcohols. They taste sweet and contain less calories than sugar. In foods like chewing gum, baked goods, and confectionery, sugar alcohols are used as low-calorie sweeteners.
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quizlet: in studying a tumor cell line, you isolate gene x that has a single missense mutation compared to the wild type gene. you also isolate the wild type version of gene x and name it c-gene x. deleting gene x from the tumor cell causes cell division to slow and cells to no longer grow independent of anchorage. deleting both copies c-gene x causes cells to die. based on these results
In studying a tumor cell line, based on the results, it can be said that the missense mutation can contribute to the abnormal characteristics of the tumor cells.
Based on the provided information, we can infer the following conclusions:
The single missense mutation in gene X in the tumor cell line is likely responsible for the observed changes in cell division and growth independence.The wild type version of gene X (c-gene X) appears to play a critical role in promoting missense mutation and growth independent of anchorage.Deleting gene X from the tumor cell line slows down cell division and prevents cells from growing independently of anchorage. This suggests that the mutated gene X may contribute to uncontrolled cell growth and division, a characteristic of tumor cells.Deleting both copies of c-gene X leads to cell death. This indicates that c-gene X is essential for cell survival and its complete absence is not compatible with cell viability.Overall, these results suggest that the single missense mutation in gene X in the tumor cell line may contribute to the abnormal characteristics of the tumor cells, such as uncontrolled cell growth and reduced dependence on anchorage for growth. The wild type version of gene X (c-gene X) is necessary for promoting cell division, growth independence, and cell survival.
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The initial population of a bacteria colony is observed to be 500 bacteria. The population shows a growth rate of 50% per day, and the carrying capacity of the surrounding is estimated to be 2,000,000 bacteria. To the nearest whole number, find the population of bacteria after 15 days. A 165,822 bacteria B 622,707 bacteria C) 903,430 bacteria 2,000,000 bacteria
The population, to the nearest whole number, of bacteria after 15 days is approximately 4,769 bacteria, The correct option is E, None of the above.
To find the population of bacteria after 15 days, we can use the formula for exponential growth:
N = N₀ * \((1 + r)^t\)
Where: N = Final population after time t N₀ = Initial population r = Growth rate per time period t = Time period
Given: N₀ = 500 bacteria r = 50% per day (or 0.5) t = 15 days
Plugging in the values, we have:
N = 500 * \((1 + 0.5)^{15\)
Calculating this expression:
N = 500 * \((1.5)^{15\) N
= 500 * 9.537 N
= 4,768.5
Thus, the correct option is E, None of the above.
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The question is inappropriate; the correct question is:
The initial population of a bacterial colony is observed to be 500 bacteria. The population shows a growth rate of 50% per day, and the carrying capacity of the surrounding area is estimated to be 2,000,000 bacteria. To the nearest whole number, find the population of bacteria after 15 days.
A. 165,822 bacteria
B. 622,707 bacteria
C. 903,430 bacteria
D. 2,000,000 bacteria
E. None of the above
A developer wants to turn part of a local woodlot into a new housing development. in the springtime, a vernal pool exists in the part of the woodlot marked for development. how might this proposed development affect the salamanders that live in the woodlot? they would have no water to drink. they would have no water to drink. it would have no effect on their population. it would have no effect on their population. they would have no place to mate and lay their eggs.
They'd have no place to mate or deposit eggs this might proposed development affect the salamanders that live in the woodlot
What exactly is a woodlot?A woodlot is a small area of a woodland or forest that may be utilised to generate forest products on a small scale (for example, wood fuel, sap for maple syrup, sawlogs, and pulpwood) as well as for leisure activities such as bird viewing, bushwalking, and wildflower enjoyment. The term "woodlot" is most commonly used in North America; in the United Kingdom, a woodlot is known as a wood, woodland, or copse.
Many woodlots are located as part of a farm or as buffers and undeveloped area between these and other types of property, such as housing developments, industrial woods, or public lands (highways, parks, watersheds, etc.).
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Explain the difference between oxidation and digestion.
Which is NOT a way that deletions can cause abnormal phenotypes?a. If the centromere is deleted, then the whole chromosome could be lost during cell division.b. Recessive mutations may be expressed if the wild-type allele is deleted, a phenomenon called pseudodominance.c. Haploinsufficient genes can result because too much gene product is produced.d. All of the above.
The option that does NOT describe a way deletions can cause abnormal phenotypes is c. Haploinsufficient genes can result because too much gene product is produced.
Haploinsufficiency occurs when a single functional copy of a gene is insufficient to maintain normal function, leading to abnormal phenotypes. In cases of deletions, haploinsufficiency is caused by the loss of a functional gene copy, resulting in insufficient gene product rather than too much.
On the other hand, options a and b accurately describe potential effects of deletions. Deletion of a centromere can lead to the loss of a whole chromosome during cell division, causing abnormal phenotypes. Similarly, pseudodominance occurs when the deletion of a wild-type allele results in the expression of a recessive mutation, which may also lead to abnormal phenotypes.
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Select examples of improvements resulting from genetic modifications of plants. Herbicide resistant plants Insect resistant plants Plants producing fruits that contain insulin or human growth hormone Plants producing antibiotics for human use Nutrient enriched plants such as golden rice
Examples of improvements resulting from genetic modifications of plants are Herbicide-resistant plants, Insect-resistant plants, and Nutrient enriched plants such as golden rice. Options A, B, and E are the answers.
Genetic modifications of plants have resulted in many improvements, including herbicide-resistant and insect-resistant plants. These modifications allow for more effective and efficient crop management, reducing the need for harmful pesticides and increasing crop yields.
Another example of a genetic modification that has been made to plants is the creation of nutrient-enriched varieties, such as golden rice. This rice has been modified to contain higher levels of vitamin A, which can help combat vitamin A deficiency in regions where rice is a staple food.
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The question is -
Select examples of improvements resulting from genetic modifications of plants.
a. Herbicide-resistant plants
b. Insect-resistant plants
c. Plants producing fruits that contain insulin or human growth hormone
d. Plants producing antibiotics for human use
e. Nutrient enriched plants such as golden rice
Genetic modifications of plants have led to numerous improvements, some of which include:
1. Herbicide resistant plants: These are plants that are genetically modified to withstand herbicides, allowing farmers to use herbicides to kill weeds without harming the crops.
2. Insect resistant plants: These plants have been modified to produce toxins that are harmful to insects, which reduces the need for pesticides and helps to increase crop yields.
3. Plants producing fruits that contain insulin or human growth hormone: These are plants that have been modified to produce human hormones or proteins, which can be used for medical purposes.
4. Plants producing antibiotics for human use: Some plants have been modified to produce antibiotics, which can be used to treat bacterial infections in humans.
5. Nutrient enriched plants such as golden rice: Golden rice is a type of rice that has been modified to produce beta-carotene, which is converted into vitamin A in the human body. This has the potential to help combat vitamin A deficiency in populations that rely heavily on rice as a staple food.
In summary, genetic modifications of plants have resulted in various improvements that can benefit both farmers and consumers. These modifications can help to increase crop yields, reduce the use of harmful pesticides, and produce plants with specific health benefits.
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With increasing elevation on a slope of a mountain, changes in biological communities are
somewhat analogous to changes
A) In biomes at different latitudes
B) In communities during different seasons
C) In communities and biomes through the natural history
D) In communities of ocean at different depths
Answer:
Mountain ecosystem, complex of living organisms in mountainous areas.
Suppose you have a small rose plant growing in a pot. How would you demonstrate transpiration in it?
Explanation:
Answer : The process of transpiration can be demonstrated by tying a polythene bag around the rose plant and keeping the plant in sunlight for one or two hours. Droplets of water would be seen on the inner sides of polythene bag due to transpiration.
Sustainability draws on politics, economics, philosophy, and hard sciences to influence all of the following except
Answer: Economic & Environmental
Explanation:
Sustainability draws on politics, economics, philosophy, and hard sciences to influence all of the following except Economic & Environmental
gene therapy can involve the replacement of a defective gene. which type of vector is used to replace the defective gene in ex vivo gene therapy and not used in in vivo gene therapy?
In ex vivo gene therapy, the vector commonly used to replace the defective gene is a retroviral vector.
Ex vivo gene therapy involves the removal of cells from a patient's body, followed by the introduction of a functional gene into these cells using a vector. The cells are then cultured and expanded in the laboratory before being reintroduced into the patient. Retroviral vectors, derived from retroviruses, are commonly employed in ex vivo gene therapy due to their ability to efficiently deliver the desired gene into the target cells. These vectors can integrate the therapeutic gene into the genome of the host cells, ensuring long-term expression of the corrected gene.
On the other hand, in in vivo gene therapy, the vector is directly administered into the patient's body to deliver the therapeutic gene to the target tissues or cells. In this context, retroviral vectors are not typically used. Instead, various other types of vectors, such as adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), lentiviruses, or non-viral vectors like lipid nanoparticles, are employed in in vivo gene therapy. These vectors are designed to efficiently deliver the therapeutic gene to target cells in the patient's body, bypassing the ex vivo step.
Therefore, retroviral vectors are commonly used for replacing defective genes in ex vivo gene therapy, while they are not typically employed in in vivo gene therapy.
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Explain How does the gradient of a river affect
its flow?
Explanation:
The flow of the river is dependent upon the position along the stream in terms of the gradient. Near the top of a high gradient, the flow will be less than that near the bottom. Likewise, the steeper the river's gradient, the faster the flow of water (due to the pull of water down the gradient by gravity).
This passage best supports which conclusion about dark matter?
Answer:D
Explanation:
The passage talks about how it's gravity disrupts the path of light
Which function does tRNA serve in a cell?
O combines with proteins to form a ribosome
O bonds amino acids together to form proteins
O collects amino acids for translation
O carries genetic information to ribosomes
O transports amino acids to ribosomes. During the translation process, transfer RNA (tRNA) transports certain amino acids to the ribosome, where they are joined together to form a protein. The information encoded in messenger RNA guides this process (mRNA).
What is RNA?Ribonucleic acid is a polymeric molecule that plays important functions in gene coding, decoding, regulation, and expression. Nucleic acids include RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid found in all living cells that is structurally identical to DNA. RNA, unlike DNA, is typically single-stranded. Instead of the deoxyribose present in DNA, the backbone of an RNA molecule is formed of alternating phosphate groups and the sugar ribose. RNA's principal job is to generate proteins through translation. RNA provides genetic information, which ribosomes transcribe into diverse proteins required for biological functions. The three primary forms of RNA involved in protein synthesis are mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
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The diagram shows a model of an animal cell. Explain how you’d modify the model to show the structures in a plant cell.
Answer:
You can do these things:
make the vacuole bigger/larger
add chloroplasts
add a cell wall in the outer part of the membrane
What are the 14 parts of the digestive system?
The digestive system is mostly composed of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus (in order of their function). They are assisted in their efforts by the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas.
Which 12 components make up the digestive system?The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus make up the digestive system's alimentary tract. Some of the auxiliary organs associated with the gastrointestinal tract are the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and salivary glands.
What makes digestion crucial?Food must be digested in order to be broken down into nutrients that the body may use for energy, development, and cell repair. Nutrients from food and drink must be broken down into smaller molecules before being absorbed by the circulation and sent to the cells throughout the body.
What comes first in digestion?Long before food even enters the stomach, digestion starts in the mouth. Our salivary glands under the lower jaw, under the tongue, and in front of the ear start secreting saliva when we sight, smell, taste, or even just think about a delicious meal (spit). Spit moistens the food as the teeth rip and cut it to make swallowing simpler.
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the only preaustralopithecine found outside the east african rift valley is: group of answer choices orrorin tugenensis. ardipithecus kadabba. sahelanthropus tchadensis. ardipithecus ramidus.
The only preaustralopithecine found outside the East African Rift Valley is Sahelanthropus tchadensis.
Pre-Australopithecines is the informal term that is used to describe a group of extinct hominids that existed before the Australopithecines. They are considered the earliest species of human-like primates. They lived around 5.5 to 7 million years ago and are known to have lived in forested areas of Africa, which is different from the later hominids that lived in savannah-like environments. This group includes the following species: Sahelanthropus tchadensis,Orrorin tugenensis, Ardipithecus kadabba, Ardipithecus ramidus. The only preaustralopithecine found outside the East African Rift Valley is Sahelanthropus tchadensis.
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Is it possible for directional selection to create a new species? How?
Answer:
Directional selection occurs when individuals with traits on one side of the mean in their population survive better or reproduce more than those on the other. ... However, directional selection does not always result in evolution, because it can be constrained in many ways.
Explanation:
an ethnic groups practices of cooking witha alrge amount of salt is associated with increased blood pressure and strokes?
The connection between an ethnic group's cooking practices, high salt consumption, and the increased risk of blood pressure and strokes is Salt contains sodium, which plays a vital role in maintaining the balance of fluids in our body.
Consuming a large amount of salt leads to an increased intake of sodium, which can have adverse effects on our health.
When an ethnic group consistently uses a high amount of salt in their cooking, the community is exposed to a higher risk of developing health issues related to elevated sodium intake. One major concern is increased blood pressure, or hypertension. High sodium levels in the body cause the retention of more water, resulting in an increase in blood volume. This leads to a rise in blood pressure, putting more strain on the arteries and heart.
Consistently high blood pressure can damage blood vessels, making them more prone to forming blood clots or rupturing. This increased vulnerability of blood vessels, combined with hypertension, raises the risk of strokes within the ethnic group. A stroke occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, either due to a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel, resulting in brain tissue damage.
In conclusion, an ethnic group's practice of cooking with a large amount of salt can be associated with increased blood pressure and a higher risk of strokes, mainly due to the elevated sodium intake that leads to hypertension and damage to blood vessels. To reduce these health risks, it's essential to promote the consumption of a balanced diet with an appropriate level of sodium.
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Someone please help me
The organism that would have the greatest amount of energy stored is the protozoa.
Does the organism at the bottom of the food web have the greatest energy?The organisms at the bottom of the food web (producers) typically have the greatest energy input, as they are the primary source of energy in the ecosystem. They capture the energy from the sun and convert it into organic compounds.
They may not have the greatest biomass or individual energy content compared to higher trophic levels.
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The pathway in which lipoproteins are transported from the liver to cells is referred to
Group of answer choices
Endogenous pathway
Exogenous pathway
Apolipoprotein pathway
Chylomycorn distribution pathway
Triacylglycerol absorption pathway
The pathway in which lipoproteins are transported from the liver to cells is referred to as the Endogenous pathway.
The pathway in which lipoproteins are transported from the liver to cells is referred to as the endogenous pathway. This is a long answer because it explains the meaning of the term and provides some context for it. The endogenous pathway involves the production of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) in the liver, which are then released into the bloodstream.
These lipoproteins contain a high proportion of triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters, which are important sources of energy for cells throughout the body. As the VLDL particles circulate in the bloodstream, they are metabolized by enzymes and transformed into intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). These particles are then taken up by cells throughout the body via receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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Humans developed this because it helped them stay alive by restricting the amount of information processed by the brain and scanning the scene before them quickly, looking for movement or physical threats. Group of answer choices Stereoscopic Visiion Binocular Vision Selective Vision Linear Perspective
Answer:
Binocular vision
Explanation:
Vision can be explained as an ability to see directly some things that can be a threat or of benefits . It can also be explained as the ability to sense or perceive threat or danger, or something good.
In this case, binoculars vision is a situation of sensing threats or dangers from a very distant place through the help of the brain. Most times, the brain will be able to sense dangers from the interpretation it gathered from what it saw earlier, before the person is involved in the act.
What keeps cells from growing indefinitely?
Answer:
Apoptosis
Explanation:
Apoptosis is a process that some cells go through when their embryo divides. It is programmed cell death. Apoptosis can help protect organisms from developing cancerous growths, or the uncontrolled growth/division of cells.
Well Cells are limited in size because the outside (the cell membrane) must transport the food and oxygen to the parts inside. As a cell gets bigger, the outside is unable to keep up with the inside, because the inside grows a faster rate than the outside.
Use the graph and the information provided to answer the questions.
Birds sing for a variety of reasons. Male birds sing to attract females. Both male and female birds sing
when making nests, in preparation for the female laying eggs and for young birds to recognize their
parents. In a particular species of bird, the females have evolved to be non-singing. This trait ensures that the nest is not detected by predators. The graph shows the inheritance of this trait through several generations.
1. What would be the percentage of the non-singing trait in female birds in Generation 4 and 5 if this pattern continues?
2. In which generation will there be almost 100% non-singing females if there are no changes in the birds’ environment and actions?
3. In what possible scenario would the female birds evolve to having the singing trait?
Answer:
The percentage of the non-singing trait in female birds in Generations 4 and 5 if this pattern continues will be 80 and 94
which change to muscle cells causes older adults to lose muscular strength?
The change in muscle cells that causes older adults to lose muscular strength is known as sarcopenia. This refers to the age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and function. It is caused by a combination of factors, including decreased physical activity, hormonal changes, and changes in protein metabolism.
As muscle cells decrease in number and size, the overall strength and function of the muscles decline, leading to decreased mobility and increased risk of falls and other age-related health issues. Regular exercise, particularly resistance training, can help slow the progression of sarcopenia and maintain muscle strength in older adults.
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describe the benefits to both aerobic eukaryotic cells and anaerobic prokaryotic cells that may have allowed for the formation of a mutually beneficial relationship between the two different cell types to occur.
Prokaryotes include a variety of bacteria, which can be divided in archaebacteria and the eubacteria. Archaea, have no nucleus and cell organelle, and were considered as extremophiles living in severe environments.
The eubacteria embrace the general forms of bacteria which is a huge cluster of organisms that exist in an extensive range of environments like water, soil, and other organisms (e.g., human pathogens). The largest and most complex prokaryotes are the cyanobacteria, in which photosynthesis evolved
Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles. The nucleus, enclosed by a nuclear membrane, contains genetic material which which is different from prokaryotic cells (Bacteria and Archaea). Eukaryotic cells have a variety of cytoplasmic organelles and cytoskeleton.
In eukaryotes, the genetic information (contained in nucleus) is structured in a linear rather than circular pattern of DNA molecules. Nucleus is the place of DNA replication and synthesis of RNA.
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 What organisms always form the base of an energy pyramid (or to be listed in food chains)? Why are they in that position?
Answer: plants
Explanation: plants are producers, meaning they make their own food (photosynthesis).
Is the correct order in a homeostatic feedback system stimulus, receoptor, control centre, effector?
Answer:
Correct
Explanation:
Homeostatic is nothing but ability of a system or living organism to manipulate its internal environment to maintain a stable equilibrium, for example the ability of warm-blooded animals to ascertain a constant body temperature.
The Homoeostatic feedback mechanism has three basis components and they are independent to one another.
These components are receptor, effector and integrating center. The function of receptor is to sense external stimuli and send information to integrating center. The integrating center generally hypothalmus in brain sends this signal to effector for example an organ to react to the stimuli.
So, the order in a homeostatic feedback system stimulus, receoptor, control centre, effector is correct.
The condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes :
The condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes is known as polyploidy. This has been observed in many examples of plants, including crop plants such as bananas, limes, and strawberries.
As scientists consider it as a chromosomal mutation that may provide benefits to an organism. However, in contrast, having extra sets of chromosomes can also lead to infertility in some organisms as described in 2. Meiosis is the type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes, as described in 3 to maintain the diploid state of somatic cells in sexually reproducing organisms.
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The condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes is known as trisomy.
Errors in meiosis I usually cause Aneuploidy, importantly maternal meiosis I. With advanced maternal age generally errors of maternal meiosis I are associated .Once thought to involve mostly mis-segregation of whole chromosomes, it is now clear that chromatid errors are an equally prevalent cause of maternal meiotic errors.
20 Irrespective, the cytologic mechanism involves decreased or absent meiotic recombination.21 In trisomy 13 and trisomy 21, 90% of these maternal cases arise at meiosis I. Almost all trisomy cases arise in maternal meiosis I. An exception is trisomy 18, in which two thirds of the 90% of maternal meiotic cases arise at meiosis II.
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a cell in g2 of the cell division cycle contains 20 chromatids. how many centromeres are present in this cell? a cell in g2 of the cell division cycle contains 20 chromatids. how many centromeres are present in this cell? 20 40 30 80 10
In a cell in G2 phase of the cell cycle, each replicated chromosome is composed of two identical sister chromatids joined together at the centromere.
Therefore, the number of centromeres in the cell is equal to the number of chromosomes. Since the cell contains 20 chromatids, it means it has 10 chromosomes with each chromosome having 2 chromatids.
Hence, the number of centromeres present in the cell is 10. It is important to note that during cell division, the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, forming two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
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