The comparative diameters of the celestial bodies in the solar system are as follows:
Sun: 109 times the diameter of Earth
Mercury: 0.383 times the diameter of Earth
Venus: 0.949 times the diameter of Earth
Earth: Assigned a value of 1 for comparison
Mars: 0.532 times the diameter of Earth
Jupiter: 11.209 times the diameter of Earth
Saturn: 9.449 times the diameter of Earth
Uranus: 4.041 times the diameter of Earth
In the solar system, the sizes of the planets and the Sun vary significantly. The diameter of each celestial body can be expressed relative to the diameter of the Earth, which is assigned a value of 1 for comparison. Here are the comparative diameters of the planets and the Sun:
- Sun: The Sun is the largest object in our solar system, with a diameter approximately 109 times that of the Earth. It is a massive ball of hot, glowing gas and forms the central body around which all the planets revolve.
- Mercury: Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and has a diameter of about 0.383 times that of the Earth. It is the smallest planet in the solar system and is characterized by its rocky surface and extreme temperature variations.
- Venus: Venus is often referred to as Earth's sister planet due to its similar size and composition. It has a diameter of about 0.949 times that of the Earth, making it slightly smaller.
- Earth: Earth is our home planet, and its diameter is assigned a value of 1 for comparison. It has a diameter of approximately 12,742 kilometers.
- Mars: Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and has a diameter of about 0.532 times that of the Earth. It is known for its reddish appearance and has been a subject of exploration for potential signs of past or present life.
- Jupiter: Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system and has a diameter approximately 11.209 times that of the Earth. It is a gas giant with a thick atmosphere and a prominent set of rings.
- Saturn: Saturn is the second-largest planet and has a diameter of about 9.449 times that of the Earth. It is known for its beautiful ring system and numerous moons.
- Uranus: Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun and has a diameter of about 4.041 times that of the Earth. It is an ice giant and is characterized by its unique tilted axis of rotation.
These comparative diameters provide a sense of scale and highlight the vast size differences between the planets and the Sun in our solar system. It's important to note that the sizes of celestial bodies in the universe can vary significantly, and the solar system represents just a small fraction of the immense cosmic scale.
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How do people get energy from the food they eat
Spacecraft is traveling in inner planetary space at a constant velocity was it estimated distance traveled by the spacecraft in 9.50 seconds
The distance traveled by the Spacecraft is 2.3 x 10² m.
What is constant velocity?To have a constant velocity, the change in velocity or speed of the object must be zero.
Constant speed will elapse equal distance in an identical period of time as a result is an example of steady speed.
For a Spacecraft is traveling in inner planetary space at a constant velocity and a given time of motion, the distance traveled by the Spacecraft is calculated as follows;
Distance = speed x time
the speed is given as 24.21 m/s
the time of motion is given as 9.5 seconds
distance = 24.21 m/s x 9.5 s
distance = 2.3 x 10² m
Thus, the distance traveled by the Spacecraft is 2.3 x 10² m.
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The complete question is below;
Spacecraft is traveling in inner planetary space at a constant velocity of 24.1 m/s. What it estimated distance traveled by the spacecraft in 9.50 seconds?
The force of magnitude Fx acting in the x-direction on a 3.5 kg particle varies in
time as shown in the figure. Calculate the impulse of this force. Answer in units of
N-s.
Answer: 42 N-s
Explanation: The area under the curve is equal to the impulse, so you take the area of the two triangles and add it to the area of the rectangle.
Area of a triangle: 1/2bh
Area of a rectangle: bxh
2(1/2x2x7)=14+(4x7)=42 N-s
The force of magnitude F acting in the x-direction on a 3.5 kg particle varies in time as shown in the graph given in question, the impulse of this force is 42 N-s.
What is impulse?The integral of a force, F, over the time period which it acts, t, is referred to as the impulse. Impulse is a vector quantity because force is one as well. When an item receives an impulse, its linear momentum also changes in the opposite direction in an analogous vector.
S.I unit of impulse is Newton-second (Ns).
From the graph given in question area under the curve is equal to the impulse, so take the area of the two triangles and add it to the area of the rectangle.
Area of a triangle = 1/2bh
Area of a rectangle = bxh
total area,
impulse = 2(1/2x2x7)
= 14+(4x7)
= 42 N-s
Impulse of the force is 42 N-s.
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if a wave has to travel 600 m and its wavelength is 0.4 m, with a frequency of 500 Hz. How much time will it take for the wave to travel 600 m?
Answer: 3 s
Explanation:
i took the test in physics :)
The time taken by the wave to travel the distance is 3 seconds.
What is meant by frequency of a wave ?
Frequency of a wave is defined as the number of oscillations or cycles completed by the wave within one second.
Here,
Distance travelled by the wave, d = 600 m
Wavelength of the wave, λ = 0.4 m
Frequency of the wave, f = 500 Hz
The expression for the velocity of the wave is given by,
v = fλ
v = 500 x 0.4
v = 200 m/s
Therefore, the time taken by the wave to travel the distance of 600 m can be given as,
Time taken = displacement/velocity
So,
t = d/v
t = 600/200
t = 3 s
Hence,
The time taken by the wave to travel the distance is 3 seconds.
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help asap According to your data, what trend exists between the independent variable and the dependent variable? Make sure to use terms like “positive”, “negative”, or “neutral” to describe the trend. Add your reasoning. 100pts
Answer:
Explanation:
Please post if there is a graph showing the data.
Without a graph, in general the trend can be described as:
"positive" when the dependent variable increases with an increase in independent variable
"negative" when the dependent variable decreases with an increase in independent variable
"neutral" when the dependent variable remains the same with an increase or decrease in independent variable
PLS ANSWER WORTH 10 POINTS PLS HELP
Answer:
the answer should be D
Explanation:
Because if you want to earn your goals you must complete small goals to earn big goals
A student lifts a box of books 2 meters with a force of 45 N. He then carries the box 10 meters to the living room. What is the total amount of work done in this situation?
PLEASE ANSWER FAST
Answer:
90J
Explanation:
The only time work is being done is when he lifts the box off the ground. Therefore, using the work formula, 2 x 45, you get 90J. Hope this helps someone.
Write two or three sentences to describe the conductivity of a conductor. Explain its conductivity in terms of the electrons in it.
The conductivity of a conductor refers to its ability to conduct electrical current.
A material that has high conductivity allows electrical charges to flow through it easily and with little resistance, while a material with low conductivity does not allow electrical charges to flow as easily and has more resistance.
The conductivity of a conductor is determined by the number of free electrons in the material, as well as how easily these electrons can move through the material.
In a conductor, the atoms are closely packed together and the electrons are not tightly bound to the atoms, allowing them to move freely through the material and carry an electrical charge. This facilitates the flow of electrical current through the material, resulting in high conductivity.
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The speed of a wave on a certain 4.0 m rope is 3.2 m/s. What frequency of vibration is needed to produce a standing wave pattern with a) 3 nodes b) 8 nodes?
We can find the frequencies using the following formula:
\(f_n=n\cdot\frac{v}{2l}\)a)
n = 3
\(f_3=3\cdot\frac{3.2}{2(4)}=1.2Hz\)b)
n = 8
\(f_8=8\cdot\frac{3.2}{2(4)}=3.2Hz\)The AB rope is fixed to the ground at its A end, and forms 30º with the vertical. Its other end is connected to two ropes by means of the B-ring of negligible weight. The vertical rope supports the E block and the other rope passes through the grounded articulated pulley C to join at its end to the 80 N weight block D. The inclined section of the BD rope forms 60º with the vertical one; determine the weight of the E block necessary for the balance of the system and calculate the tension in the AB rope.
Answer:
T = 80√3 N ≈ 139 N
W = 160 N
Explanation:
Sum of forces on B in the x direction:
∑F = ma
80 N sin 60° − T sin 30° = 0
T = 80 N sin 60° / sin 30°
T = 80√3 N
T ≈ 139 N
Sum of forces on B in the y direction:
∑F = ma
80 N cos 60° + T cos 30° − W = 0
W = 80 N cos 60° + T cos 30°
W = 40 N + 120 N
W = 160 N
A current of 2.5 A flows through a coil of inductance 5 H. The magnetic flux linked with the coil is
(a) 0.5 Wb
(b) 12.5 Wb
(c) zero
(d) 2 Wb
We know
\(\boxed{\sf Magnetic\:flux=\O=BA}\)
\(\\ \qquad\quad\sf{:}\dashrightarrow \O=5(2.5)\)
\(\\ \qquad\quad\sf{:}\dashrightarrow \O=12.5Wb\)
Explanation:
Magnetic flux = L I
= 5(2.5)
= 12.5 Wb
(b) 12.5 Wb
Assume the following vehicles are all moving at the Sam speed .it would be harder to change the velocity of which vehicle . What law is it
Answer:what the choices
Explanation:
In a video game, a flying coconut moves at a constant velocity of 20 meters/second in the positive direction. The coconut hits an obstacle and moves in the opposite direction with a constant velocity of 10 meters/second. What’s the change in velocity of the coconut?
A.
-30 m/s
B.
-10 m/s
C.
10 m/s
D.
30 m/s
15 points
Answer: B. -10 m/s
Explanation:
how dose an exam question outed from text book
Answer:
In which school you are???
Explanation:
Please help me.
35 points!!!!!
A physical science student is doing an experiment on open systems. It records the temperature of the contents inside a container and again after five minutes. The recordings are in the table below.
hich statement best describes how energy is changing between Time 1 and Time 2?
Heat is being added to the system, so particles have more kinetic energy.
Heat is being removed from the system, so particles have less kinetic energy.
Heat is not exchanged, only the particles are moving slower.
Heat is not exchanged, only the particles are moving faster.
Answer:
Based on the information given, it is not possible to determine whether heat is being added to or removed from the system. However, we can make an inference based on the change in temperature. If the temperature increased from Time 1 to Time 2, then heat was likely added to the system, as particles gained kinetic energy and moved faster. Conversely, if the temperature decreased from Time 1 to Time 2, then heat was likely removed from the system, as particles lost kinetic energy and moved slower. Therefore, the statement that best describes how energy is changing between Time 1 and Time 2 is "Heat is being added to the system, so particles have more kinetic energy" or "Heat is being removed from the system, so particles have less kinetic energy," depending on the direction of the temperature change.
Explanation:
Electric Circuits
A copper wire connects the terminals of a battery to an alarm clock. Over an 0.04 sec time period, 5.0 × 1014 electrons move through the wire. What is the current flowing through the wire? (Hint: The charge of an electron is 1.6 x 10-19 C).
I = q/∆t
V = IR
P =VI=I2R
Rseries =R1 +R2 +R3 +...
1/Rparallel = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ...
1.25 ×10^16 Ampere is the current flowing through the wire
t=0.04 sec
q=5.0 × 10^14
I=q/t
I=5.0×10^14/ 0.04
I=1.25×10^16 Ampere
Eddy currents are closed electric current loops that are created when a conductor comes in contact with a magnetic flux that is fluctuating. They induce electromagnetic induction according to Faraday's law and produce closed circuits in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field. These currents will move in the opposite direction of the Lenz law's needed shift.
When a conductor moves through a magnetic field or when the magnetic field around a conductor at rest varies over time, eddy currents are produced. They result from fluctuations in the direction and strength of a magnetic flux or conductor-linked field.
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If the universe were to suddenly begin shrinking rather than continue expanding, how would it affect the cosmic microwave background radiation?
A. It would decrease in temperature.
B. It would blue-shift.
C. It would red-shift.
D. It would increase in temperature.
If the universe were to suddenly begin shrinking rather than continuing to expand, it would have a significant effect on the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB).
The CMB is the afterglow of the Big Bang and is observed as a nearly uniform background radiation in all directions. It is thought to have been emitted when the universe was about 380,000 years old and had cooled enough for neutral atoms to form.
If the universe were to suddenly begin shrinking, the photons in the CMB would lose energy as they travel through the contracting space. This would cause the CMB radiation to shift to shorter wavelengths, which is known as blue-shifting.
Therefore, the correct answer is B. It would blue-shift.
In the figure provided, a 25.5° ramp in an airport has luggage sliding down to the owner. Suitcase A has a mass of 3.70 kg with a coefficient of friction of μk = 0.260 and another suitcase B has a mass of 9.69 kg with a coefficient of friction of μk = 0.110. If the ramp is 3.28 m long and the suitcase starts from rest, how much time will it take for suitcase A to reach its owner?
In the figure provided, a 25.5° ramp in an airport has luggage sliding down to the owner. If the ramp is 3.28 m long and the suitcase starts from rest, the time it will take for suitcase A to reach its owner is 1.25 seconds
The diagrammatic representation of the information given in the question is attached in the image below.
From the information given:
the angle of the ramp in the airport θ = 25.5°Let the mass at suitcase A be m₁ = 3.70 kgthe coefficient of friction μk₁ = 0.260 Let the mass at suitcase B be m₂ = 9.69 kgthe coefficient of friction μk₂ = 0.110 the distance of the suitcase (S) = 3.28 mWe are to find the time required for suitcase A to reach its owner.
To do this, let's compute the free body equation from the diagram.
the free body equation at A can be expressed as:\(\mathbf{m_1 g sin \theta + F_{AB} - \mu_k_1 = m_1a}\)At B, the free body equation can be expressed as:\(\mathbf{m_2 g sin \theta + F_{BA} - \mu_k_2 = m_2a}\)Thus, both blocks tend to move together since the kinetic friction in A is larger than that of B.
So, summing up both equations, we have:
\(\mathbf{m_1 g sin \theta-m_2 g sin \theta - \mu_k_1 - \mu_k_2= (m_1+m_2)a}\)
Making acceleration a the subject, we have:
\(\mathbf {a = \dfrac{m_1 g sin \theta-m_2 g sin \theta - \mu_k_1 - \mu_k_2}{(m_1 + m_2)}}\)
\(\mathbf {a = \dfrac{(3.70 \times 9.8 \times sin25.5) +(9.69 \times 9.8 \times sin 25.5 )- 0.260 - 0.110}{(m_1 + m_2)}}\)
\(\mathbf {a = \dfrac{(15.610) +(40.88)- 0.260 - 0.110}{(3.70+ 9.69)}}\)
\(\mathbf {a = \dfrac{56.12}{(13.39)}}\)
a = 4.19 m/s²
Using the second equation of motion.
\(\mathbf{S = ut + \dfrac{1}{2}at^2}\)
Recall that the suitcase starts from rest;
∴
u = 0 m/s\(\mathbf{S = 0(t) + \dfrac{1}{2}at^2}\)
\(\mathbf{S = \dfrac{1}{2}at^2}\)
where;
S = 3.28 m longa = 4.19 m/s²\(\mathbf{3.28 = \dfrac{1}{2}(4.19) (t)^2}\)
By cross multiply;
3.28 × 2 = 4.19 t²
\(\mathbf{t^2 = \dfrac{3.28 \times 2}{4.19}}\)
\(\mathbf{t =\mathbf{ \sqrt{\dfrac{3.28 \times 2}{4.19}}}}\)
\(\mathbf{t =\mathbf{ \sqrt{1.566}}}\)
t = 1.25 seconds.
Therefore, we can conclude that it took suitcase A 1.25 seconds to reach its owner.
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2. The term fluids refers to.....
Answer:
In physics, the term "fluids" refers to substances that have no fixed shape and are capable of flowing. Fluids can be categorized into two main types: liquids and gases. Both liquids and gases are considered fluids because they can flow and take the shape of their container. Examples of liquids include water, oil, and blood, while examples of gases include air, helium, and carbon dioxide. The study of fluids is known as fluid mechanics and is an important field in physics and engineering.
Explanation:
Q2. A force of 1000N is experienced by a charge in a field of strength of 250NC. Find the value of the charge establishing the field.
Answer:
4 C
Explanation:
The strength of an electric field can be defined as: \(E = \frac{f}{q}\) where f=force and q=charge, and e=strength
Since we're given the strength and the force we can simply rearrange the equation so that we solve for Q:
Original Equation:
\(E=\frac{f}{q}\)
Multiply both sides by q
\(E*q = f\)
Divide both sides by E
\(q=\frac{f}{e}\)
So now plug the known values into the equation
\(q=\frac{1000 N}{250 N/C}\)
Simplify:
\(q = 4 c\)
An iron meteorite melts when it enters the Earth's atmosphere.
If its initial temperature was -105°C outside of Earth's atmosphere, calculate the minimum velocity the meteorite must have had before it entered Earth's atmosphere.
The minimum velocity for the meteorite before entrance into earth's atmosphere is 36.8 m/s.
How to find minimum velocity?To calculate the minimum velocity the meteorite must have had before it entered Earth's atmosphere, the equation for heat transfer is:
Q = mcΔT
Where Q = the heat transferred,
m = the mass of the meteorite,
c = the specific heat capacity of iron, and
ΔT = the change in temperature.
The specific heat capacity of iron is approximately = 0.45 J/g°C.
Temperature of the meteorite changes from -105°C to the melting point of iron, which is approximately = 1535°C.
So: Q = mc(1535 - (-105))
Mass of the meteorite unknown, but we know it is made of iron, so assume a value for the mass, such as 100 g.
Q = 100 x 0.45(1535 - (-105))
Solving for Q:
Q = 67875 J
To calculate the kinetic energy of the meteorite, which is given by the equation: Ek = 1/2mv²
where Ek is kinetic energy,
m = the mass of the meteorite and
v = the velocity of the meteorite.
Therefore, the velocity of the meteorite is given by the following equation: v = √(2Ek/m)
Substituting the values of Ek and m, we get
v = √(2 x 67875/100)
Solving for v:
v = √1357.5
The minimum velocity the meteorite must have had before it entered Earth's atmosphere is approximately 36.8 m/s.
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which of these diagrams best represents the steps in the formation of the sun?
A. the cloud of gases and dust condense -> Planets form -> Nebula Flattens -> Sun is born
B. The clouds of gases rotate -> The cloud of gases condense -> The clouds at the center are pulled together -> They combine and the Sun is born
C. Nebula flattens -> Planets form -> The clouds of gases settle -> The Sun is born
D. The clouds of dust and gases condense -> The clouds of dust rotate -> The Sun is born -> The clouds pull the sun to the center
The diagram best represents the steps in the formation of the sun is the clouds of gases condense > The clouds rotate at high speed > The clouds flatten into an elliptical disc > The planets are born. The correct option is D.
What are planets?Planets are the large spherical shaped objects that rotate about the Sun in the elliptical orbits.
Planets are shaped from Planetary cloud. The dust storm and gases gathers under its own weight. The dense matter beginnings pivoting at high paces and accumulates more mass. The center structures, the star and rest of it ultimately levels into a curved plate from which planet is formed.
Thus, the correct sequence is D.
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the mass of a density bottle is 18.00g when empty 44.00g when full of water, and 39.84g when full up of a second liquid. calculate the density of the liquid where density of water =1000kgm³
The density of the second liquid is 0.812 g/cm³
To calculate the density of the second liquid, we need to use the principle of displacement. The mass of the liquid can be found by subtracting the mass of the empty density bottle from the mass of the bottle filled with the liquid. Therefore, the mass of the liquid is:
mass of liquid = mass of bottle + liquid - mass of empty bottle
mass of liquid = 39.84g + x - 18.00g
where x is the mass of the liquid.
We can now use the density formula, which is:
density = mass/volume
The volume of the liquid is equal to the volume of the density bottle that is filled with the liquid, which can be calculated by subtracting the volume of the empty bottle from the volume of the bottle filled with the liquid. Therefore, the volume of the liquid is:
volume of liquid = volume of bottle filled with liquid - volume of empty bottle
We can now substitute this expression into the density formula to get:
density of liquid = mass of liquid / (volume of bottle filled with liquid - volume of empty bottle)
We know that the density of water is 1000 kg/m³, which is equal to 1 g/cm³. We can use this to find the volume of the liquid by dividing the mass of water by its density:
volume of water = mass of water / density of water
volume of water = 44.00g / 1 g/cm³
volume of water = 44.00 cm³
Now, we can calculate the volume of the density bottle filled with the second liquid by using the principle of displacement:
volume of bottle filled with liquid = volume of water - volume of liquid
volume of bottle filled with liquid = 44.00 cm³ - (39.84g - 18.00g) / 1 g/cm³
volume of bottle filled with liquid = 44.00 cm³ - 21.84 cm³
volume of bottle filled with liquid = 22.16 cm³
Finally, we can substitute these values into the density formula to get:
density of liquid = x / 22.16 cm³
Solving for x, we get:
x = density of liquid x 22.16 cm³
Substituting x back into the mass equation, we get:
mass of liquid = 39.84g + (density of liquid x 22.16 cm³) - 18.00g
Solving for the density of the liquid, we get:
density of liquid = (mass of liquid - 21.84g) / 22.16 cm³
Substituting the given values, we get:
density of liquid = (39.84g - 21.84g) / 22.16 cm³ = 0.812 g/cm³
In conclusion, the density of the second liquid is 0.812 g/cm³. This value is less than the density of water, which means that the second liquid is less dense than water and will float on top of water.
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An ideal horizontal spring-mass system is set into motion. At an instant when the mass passes through its equilibrium position: The potential energy in the spring is at its _____. The kinetic energy of the mass is at its ______. The magnitude of net force acting on the mass is at its ______.
Answer:
the potential energy is zero, and the kinetic energy must be maximum
F = 0
Explanation:
In this exercise you are asked to complete the sentences of a simple harmonic movement of a mass-spring system.
In this system mechanical energy is conserved
at the most extreme point the carousel potential energy is
K_e = ½ k x²
the kinetic energy is zero for that stopped.
At the equilibrium point
the spring elongation is x = 0 so the potential energy is zero
and the kinetic energy must be maximum since total energy of the system is conserved
the spring force is
F =- k x
as in the equilibrium position x = 0 this implies that the force is also zero
F = 0
In this exercise we have to use the knowledge of force to calculate the energy of a spring, in this way we find that:
The potential energy in the spring is at its \(K_e = 1/2 k x^2\). The kinetic energy of the mass is at its zero . The magnitude of net force acting on the mass is at its Zero.
In this system mechanical energy is conserved, at the most extreme point the carousel potential energy is:
\(K_e = 1/2 k x^2\)
The kinetic energy is zero for that stopped or when at the equilibrium point, so:
the spring elongation is x = 0 so the potential energy is zero the kinetic energy must be maximum since total energy of the system is conserved
the spring force is:
\(F =- k x\\F=0\)
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A circuit breaker is a short piece of metal that melts when a current that is too large passes through it. Is this true or false?
A circuit beaker is a short piece of metal that melts when a current that is too large passes through it. This given statement is false statement.
In the diagram, the block is sliding at a constant velocity down a rough incline, which makes a 45 degree angle to the horizontal. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A) The magnitude of the Net Force is equal to the magnitude of Force C.
B) The magnitude of Force A is equal to the magnitude of Force B
C) The magnitude of Force B is equal to the magnitude of Force D
D) The coefficient of friction between the block and the ramp is equal to 1.
Answer:
I haven't done physics for a while, but with the information given I don't understand how D could be correct, so I think D is your anwser
Explanation:
From 1981 to 2001, which change was most likely happening in the US economy?
What occurs most of the time is the transformation that was brought about in the economy of the United States by a rise in consumer spending that occurred between 1981 and 2001.
What exactly is the American economy?Despite the fact that the economy of the United States is now one of the most stable economies in the world, consumer expenditure went increased from 1981 to 2001, which contributed to this trend.
And in terms of economics, there will be a positive shift in the state of the economy whenever there is spending on the part of consumers.
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Answer: the answer is C
Explanation:
an increase in spending by consumers
edg2023
Mass of object is 50g moves in a circular path of radius 10cm find work done
Answer:
Work done = 0.3142 Nm
Explanation:
Mass of Object is 50 g
Circular path of radius is 10 cm ⇒ 0.1 m
Work done = Force × Distance = ?
*Distance moved (circular path) ⇒ Circumference of the circular path
2πr = 2 × 3.142 × 0.1 ⇒ 0.6284 m
*Force that is enough to move a 50 g must be equal or more than its weight.
therefore convert 50 grams to newton = 0.5 N
Recall that; work done is force times distance
∴ 0.5 N × 0.6284 m
Work done = 0.3142 Nm
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Answer: Picture is too small I can’t see
Find the force in free space between two like point charges of one coulomb each placed one metre apart
Explanation:
\({ \rm{force = \frac{q _{1}q _{2} }{4\pi \phi \: {r}^{2} } }} \\ \)
q is charge4πQ is 1 / (9 × 10^9)r is separation distance\({ \rm{force = \frac{1 \times 1 \times 9 \times {10}^{9} }{ {1}^{2} } }} \\ \\ { \boxed{ \rm{force = 9 \times {10}^{9} \: newtons }}}\)