suppose an astronaut in outer space suddenly discovers that the tether connecting her to the space station is cut and she is slowly drifting away from the station. assuming that she is wearing a tool belt holding several wrenches, how can she move herself back towards the space station?

Therefore, the maximum speed of the emitted electrons is 1.62 x 10⁶ m/s.

The photoelectric effect is observed on two metal surfaces. If light of wavelength 300.0 nm is incident on a metal that has a work function of 2.80 eV, the maximum speed of the emitted electrons is 1.62 x 10⁶ m/s. What is the photoelectric effect? The photoelectric effect, also known as the Hertz–Lenard effect, is a phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from a metal surface when light is shone on it. The photoelectric effect was initially studied by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and later by Philipp Lenard in 1902.Latex-free answer: To calculate the maximum speed of emitted electrons using the photoelectric effect equation, we can use the following formula: KEmax = hν - φwhere KE max is the maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electron, h is Planck's constant, ν is the frequency of the incident light, and φ is the work function of the metal. Using the equation, we can convert the given wavelength of 300.0 nm to frequency by using the formula c = λν where c is the speed of light and λ is the wavelength. c = λνν = c/λν = (3.0 x 10⁸ m/s) / (300.0 x 10⁻⁹ m)ν = 1.0 x 10¹⁵ Hz, Now we can plug in the values in the equation: KE max = (6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ J s) (1.0 x 10¹⁵ Hz) - (2.80 eV)(1.60 x 10⁻¹⁹ J/eV)KE max = 1.06 x 10⁻¹⁹ J - 4.48 x 10⁻¹⁹ JKE max = -3.42 x 10⁻¹⁹ J. Since KE max is a positive value, we can convert the value to speed using the equation KE = 1/2mv² where m is the mass of the electron and v is the velocity of the electron: v = √(2KE/m)v = √[(2)(3.42 x 10⁻¹⁹ J)/(9.11 x 10⁻³¹ kg)]v = 1.62 x 10⁶ m/s. Therefore, the maximum speed of the emitted electrons is 1.62 x 10⁶ m/s.

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Answer: Potential energy is at almost 0%, and kinetic energy is at almost 100%

Explanation: took the exam

The roller coaster will lost its potential energy when its starts to excite the vertical loop and its kinetic energy will be maximum. Hence, option D is correct.

Kinetic energy of a body is generated by its motion. Kinetic energy is proportional to the mass and square of the velocity of the object. Thus, as the speed of the object increase, kinetic energy increases.

Potential energy of a body is generated by virtue of its position. When a moving body slows down to stop, it gains potential energy and its kinetic energy starts decreasing.

When the roller coaster excites the vertical loop of the closed path, it loses its potential energy and  kinetic energy increases to maximum since its moving the down loop with greater velocity. Thus, option D is correct.

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The work done by the engine during the isothermal expansion is -7460 J. Note that the negative sign indicates that work is done on the gas by the engine, as the gas is expanding against the external pressure.

During an isothermal expansion, the temperature of the ideal gas remains constant.

Therefore, the ideal gas law: PV = nRT

Since the temperature remains constant:\(P_1V_1 = P_2V_2\)

We can solve for the final pressure \(P_2\)as: \(P_2\) = \(P_1(V_1/V_2)\)

We can simplify this equation to:

W = -P∫dV

W = -P(\(V_2 - V_1\))

Substituting expression :

W =\(-P_1(V_1/V_2)(V_2 - V_1)\)

W = -nRT ln(\(V_2/V_1\))

Plugging in the values :

W = -(1 mol)(8.314 J/mol·K)(344 K) ln(47.7 L/23.9 L)= -7460 J

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--The complete Question is, What is the work done by the engine during the isothermal expansion of 1 mol of an ideal gas from 23.9 L to 47.7 L at a constant temperature of 344 K?--

The charged parts of the tapes will be indicated on the diagram by using the symbols "+" and "-" to represent the type of charge.

To illustrate the scenario described, a sketch can be made with a plastic rod and a bottom tape. After rubbing the plastic rod with a piece of carpet, it becomes negatively charged (-). When the charged plastic rod is brought close to the bottom tape, it will induce a positive charge (+) on the tape's surface closest to the rod and a negative charge (-) on the surface furthest from the rod. Therefore, the sketch will show a plastic rod with a negative charge (-) and a bottom tape with a positive charge (+) on one side and a negative charge (-) on the other side.

In the scenario described, a bottom (B) piece of tape and a top (1) piece of tape are separated halfway. When separating, some electrons will remain on one tape while the other tape becomes positively charged, indicating a transfer of electrons from one tape to the other. As a result, the bottom tape will have a positive charge (+) on the side facing the top tape and a negative charge (-) on the other side, while the top tape will have a negative charge (-) on the side facing the bottom tape and a positive charge (+) on the other side.

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According to Newton's third law, the response to this force is, the gravitational force exerted on Earth by the Moon.

Newton's Third Laws are a pair that describe the gravitational attractions of the Earth and Moon. If object A applies a force to object B, consequently object B must apply a force to object A in the opposite direction and of equal strength. Equal and opposing gravitational pulls are exerted by the Earth's gravity on the Moon and the Moon's gravity on the Earth. The Earth's gravity keeps the Moon in an orbit around us. The direction of the Moon's motion is continually changing. This indicates that, despite moving at a constant pace, the Moon is always accelerating due to gravity. Therefore, there is a gravitational force exerted on Earth by the Moon.

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The gravitational force between the two identical 5000.0 kg asteroids separated by 100.0 m is approximately 0.167 N (Newtons).

To calculate the gravitational force between two identical 5000.0 kg asteroids separated by 100.0 m, you can use the universal law of gravitation. The formula is:

F = G * (m1 * m2) / r^2

where F is the gravitational force, G is the gravitational constant (6.674 x 10^-11 N(m/kg)^2), m1 and m2 are the masses of the asteroids (5000.0 kg each), and r is the distance between their centers of mass (100.0 m).

F = (6.674 x 10^-11 N(m/kg)^2) * (5000.0 kg * 5000.0 kg) / (100.0 m)^2
F = (6.674 x 10^-11) * (25000000 kg^2) / (10000 m^2)
F ≈ 0.167 N

The gravitational force between the two identical 5000.0 kg asteroids separated by 100.0 m is approximately 0.167 N (Newtons).

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The plane below is inclined at 25° and the weight of the box is 25 N, so the magnitude of vector A is 10.56 N.

In physics, magnitude refers to the size or numerical value of a physical quantity or vector, without considering its direction. It represents the "amount" or "extent" of a quantity or the "length" of a vector.

For example, the magnitude of a force represents the strength or intensity of the force, regardless of its direction.

Similarly, the magnitude of a velocity vector represents the speed or rate of motion, without considering the direction of motion.

Here, it is given that,

θ = 25°

W = 25 N

So,

A = W sinθ

A = 25 sin(25°)

A = 10.56 N

Thus, the magnitude is 10.56 N.

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If you travel at a constant speed of 75 mph, it will take you 1 hour 17 minutes approx. to reach the city.

We know that ,

1mph = 1.6 km/hr.

multiplying both by 75,

75 mph = 120km/hr.

Now , it takes 1hr to travel 120 km

120 km = 1 hour

multiplying both by 1.17

120 x 1.17 km= 1 x 1.17 hrs.

140 km = 1.17 hours (approx.)

And 1.17 hours can also be said as 1 hour 17 minutes.

Hence, it will take you 1 hour 17 minutes approx. to reach the city.

In everyday use and in kinematics, the speed of an object is the magnitude of the change of its position over time or the magnitude of the change of its position per unit of time; it is thus a scalar quantity.

The average speed of an object in an interval of time is the distance travelled by the object divided by the duration of the interval whereas instantaneous speed is the limit of the average speed as the duration of the time interval approaches zero. Speed is not the same as velocity.

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Answer:

1280Nm

Explanation:

torque= I×alpha(angular acceleration)

so Angular acceleration is found by the following process.

a. The time constant for a series RC circuit connected to ξ = 12 V with a resistance of 47 kΩ and a capacitance of 3900 pF is 183.3 μs.

b. If the EMF is doubled, the time constant τ will not change, as it depends solely on the resistance and capacitance values in the circuit and is independent of the applied voltage.

To determine the time constant for a series RC circuit connected to ξ = 12 V with a resistance of 47 kΩ and a capacitance of 3900 pF can be calculated using the formula:

τ = RC

where τ is the time constant, R is the resistance, and C is the capacitance.

We are given that 1 pF = 10⁻¹² F, we can convert the capacitance to farads:

C = 3900 × 10⁻¹² F.

To find the time constant τ, multiply the resistance and capacitance:

τ = (47 × 10³ Ω) × (3900 × 10⁻¹² F)

≈ 183.3 × 10⁻⁶ s or 183.3 μs

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Answer:

Explanation:

Work done on the lever ( input energy ) = force applied x input distance

= 24 N x 2m = 48 J

Work done by the lever ( output energy ) = load x output distance

= 72 N x 0.5m = 36 J

efficiency = output energy / input energy

= 36 J  / 48 J

= 3 / 4 = .75

In percentage terms efficiency = 75 % .

Answer:(x-32) * 5/9

Explanation:

(52°F − 32) × 5/9 = 11.1111°C

Gabe should place the bulb to ensure a perfect beam of light at (C) (1,0).

A reflective surface used to gather or project energy like light, sound, or radio waves is known as a parabolic, paraboloid, or paraboloidal reflector, dish, or mirror. Its form is a component of a circular paraboloid or the surface produced by a parabola rotating around its axis.

Suppose the equation of parabolic mirror is Y2 = 4ax

The given data in the problem is x = 1 and y = 2

So the subject value is y2 = 4ax

4 = 4 a (1)

4 = 4a

a = 1

So  x = 1

thus focus is at  (x, y) = (1,0)

Thus option C is the correct answer.

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The final temperature is 333.33K and 320K of monatomic and diatomic carbon.

A. The change in internal energy can be calculated using the first law of thermodynamics: ΔU = Q - W, where ΔU is the change in internal energy, Q is the heat absorbed and W is the work done. Therefore, ΔU = 500J - 200J = 300J.

B. Similar to the first question, the change in internal energy can be calculated using the first law of thermodynamics: ΔU = Q - W, where ΔU is the change in internal energy, Q is the energy released and W is the work done. Therefore, ΔU = -200J - 100J = -300J (negative sign indicates a decrease in internal energy).

C. To calculate the final temperature of the gas, we can use the formula: Q = mcΔT, where Q is the heat absorbed or released, m is the mass of the gas, c is the specific heat capacity of the gas and ΔT is the change in temperature.

a) For 10 grams of monatomic carbon, the specific heat capacity is 3R/2 (where R is the gas constant). Therefore, Q = 500J and ΔT = Q/(mc) = 500J/(10g x 3R/2) = 33.33K. Thus, the final temperature is 300K + 33.33K = 333.33K.

b) For 10 grams of diatomic carbon, the specific heat capacity is 5R/2. Therefore, Q = 500J and ΔT = Q/(mc) = 500J/(10g x 5R/2) = 20K. Thus, the final temperature is 300K + 20K = 320K.

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Answer:

The velocity of a non-relativistic electron can be calculated using the formula v = h / mλ, where h is Planck's constant, m is the mass of the electron, and λ is the de Broglie wavelength of the electron.

Assuming the mass of the electron is 9.11 x 10^-31 kg, the velocity of the electron can be calculated as follows:

v = (6.63 x 10^-34 m^2 kg / s) / (9.11 x 10^-31 kg * 3.637 x 10^-9 m)

This works out to be approximately 5.82 x 10^6 m/s.

However, it's important to note that the de Broglie wavelength of a particle is generally only considered to be a meaningful quantity when the particle is moving at speeds that are comparable to the speed of light. For non-relativistic particles, such as an electron moving at a low velocity, the de Broglie wavelength is not a well-defined concept. Therefore, it's not meaningful to calculate the velocity of an electron based on its de Broglie wavelength.

Explanation:

Answer: 2 x 10^5 m/s

Explanation:

de Broglie wavelength equation: λ = h / mv

v = h / m · λ

m = 9.11 x 10^-31 kg

h = 6.62 x 10^-34 J·s

λ = 3.637 x 10^-9 m

v = (6.62 x 10^-34 J·s) / (9.11 x 10^-31 kg) (3.637 x 10^-9 m)

v = 199800.3807 = 2 x 10^5 m/s

Answer: 3300 m/s

F = ma; units: N = kg(m/s/s); where F and a are both vectors, while m, t, and v (speed) are scalars

We are given the mass, force, and the time; however, speed is our unknown.

[F = 16500 N]  [m = 10 kg]  [t = 2 s]  [v = unknown]

What we can do is use kinematics in order to relate v and t with F and m:

For example, we can use V = V₀ + at

Since F = ma can equal a = F/m, we can replace the a variable within the kinematics equation with F/m, so that:

V = V₀ + at

V = V₀ + (F/m)t

In this problem, we can assume the initial value V to equal 0, giving us:

V = (F/m)t

Plugging in the quantities we get:

V = \(\frac{16500 N}{10kg}\)· 2s

V = 3300 m/s

To further check whether this is the right manipulated equation to use, we can use dimensional anaylsis to determine that:

V = \(\frac{kg(m/s/s) }{kg}\)· s

V = m/s

I hope this helped!

(i)Therefore, it takes approximately 9.27 hours to reach its full power output.(ii)It is necessary to have quick-start power sources, this helps maintain a stable and reliable electricity supply even when wind speeds fluctuate.(c)The Bremsstrahlung effect needs to be considered to ensure proper radiation protection.(d) The near-field region is characterized by strong electric and magnetic fields while the far-field region represents the radiation zone.

(i) To calculate the time it takes for the power station to reach its full power output, we can use the formula:

Energy = Power × Time

Given that the power station generates 6120 MWh of energy over a 10-hour period and the rated power at full capacity is 660 MW, we can rearrange the formula to solve for time:

Time = Energy ÷ Power

Converting the energy to watt-hours (Wh):

Energy = 6120 MWh × 1,000,000 Wh/MWh = 6,120,000,000 Wh

Converting the power to watt-hours (Wh):

Power = 660 MW × 1,000,000 Wh/MW = 660,000,000 Wh

Now we can calculate the time:

Time = 6,120,000,000 Wh ÷ 660,000,000 Wh ≈ 9.27 hours

Therefore, it takes approximately 9.27 hours (or 9 hours and 16 minutes) for the power station to reach its full power output.

(ii) The type of power station that can be started up fastest is a gas-fired power station. Gas-fired power stations can reach full power output relatively quickly because they use natural gas combustion to produce energy.

In contrast, other types of power stations, such as coal-fired or nuclear power stations, have longer start-up times. Coal-fired power stations require time to heat up the boiler and generate steam, while nuclear power stations need to go through a complex series of procedures to ensure safe and controlled nuclear reactions.

This is relevant to optimizing the usage of windfarms because wind power is intermittent and dependent on the availability of wind. This helps maintain a stable and reliable electricity supply even when wind speeds fluctuate.

(c) The Bremsstrahlung effect is a phenomenon that occurs when charged particles, such as electrons, are decelerated or deflected by the electric fields of atomic nuclei or other charged particles. As a result, they emit electromagnetic radiation in the form of X-rays or gamma rays.

In shielding design, the Bremsstrahlung effect needs to be considered to ensure proper radiation protection. These materials effectively absorb and attenuate the emitted X-rays and gamma rays, reducing the exposure of individuals to harmful radiation.

(d) The electromagnetic field output from an antenna can be represented by two main regions:

Near-field region: This region is closest to the antenna and is also known as the reactive near-field. It extends from the antenna's surface up to a distance typically equal to one wavelength. In the near-field region, the electromagnetic field is characterized by strong electric and magnetic field components.

Far-field region: Also known as the radiating or the Fraunhofer region, this region extends beyond the near-field region.The electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation.  The far-field region is further divided into the "Fresnel region," which is closer to the antenna and has some characteristics of the near field, and the "Fraunhofer region," which is farther away and exhibits the properties of the far-field.

The transition between the near-field and the far-field regions is gradual and depends on the antenna's size and operating frequency. The size of the antenna and the distance from it determine the boundary between these regions.

In summary, the near-field region is characterized by strong electric and magnetic fields, while the far-field region represents the radiation zone where the energy is radiated away as electromagnetic waves.

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Answer:

22 mins and 30 seconds

Explanation:

2m in 1 min so:

45m in x mins Cross multiply

2x = 45

x = 45/2

x=22.5

Answer:

A Newton's First Law of Motion

When a thin uniform rod of mass m and length l is bent at its center so that the two segments are now perpendicular to each other, the center of mass of the rod remains at the center of the original rod.

The center of mass is the point where the entire mass of an object can be considered to be concentrated. For a uniform rod, the center of mass is located at the midpoint of the rod.

Since the rod is bent at its center, the center of mass remains at the midpoint of the original rod, even though the segments are now perpendicular to each other. The two segments will have equal masses since the rod is uniform, and their combined center of mass will coincide with the center of the original rod.

Therefore, the center of mass of the bent rod is still located at the midpoint of the original rod, regardless of the orientation of the segments.

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Conversion of electromagnetic (EM) energy from the sun into other forms of energy occurs for the following options:

a. Biofuels

c. Solar thermal power

e. Wind power (EM to air movements)

A- Biofuels: During photosynthesis, plants capture electromagnetic energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy, stored in the bonds of organic molecules, such as glucose. This process allows for the conversion of EM energy to chemical energy in the form of biofuels.

c. Solar thermal power: Solar thermal power plants use mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight, which is then converted into heat energy. This thermal energy can be used to generate steam, which drives a turbine and produces mechanical energy.

e. Wind power: Wind turbines harness the kinetic energy of moving air, which is ultimately driven by the sun's uneven heating of the Earth's surface. The sun's energy heats the atmosphere, creating temperature and pressure gradients that result in wind currents.

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According to given information,the speed of the proton accelerated through a potential difference of (6.0×10³)V is approximately 1.07×10⁵ m/s.

The speed of a proton that has been accelerated from rest through a potential difference of (6.0×10³)V can be calculated using the formula:

speed = √(2qV / m)

where:
- speed is the velocity of the proton,
- q is the charge of the proton (1.6×10⁻¹⁹ C),
- V is the potential difference (6.0×10³ V),
- m is the mass of the proton (1.67×10⁻²⁷ kg).

Plugging in the given values into the formula, we get:

speed = √(2(1.6×10⁻¹⁹C)(6.0×10³ V) / 1.67×10⁻²⁷ kg)

Simplifying the equation further:

speed = √(1.92×10⁻¹⁹ J / 1.67×10⁻²⁷ kg)

Next, we divide the numerator by the denominator to obtain the final value:

speed = √(1.15×10¹¹ m²/s²)

Therefore, the speed of the proton is approximately 1.07×10⁵ m/s.

Conclusion, The speed of the proton accelerated through a potential difference of (6.0×10³)V is approximately 1.07×10⁵ m/s.

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(a) Work done by gravity on the watermelon is 1,182 J.(b)the watermelon's (i) kinetic energy just before it strikes the ground is 1,176.6 J and (ii) speed just before it strikes the ground is 48.49 m/s.The answer to part (b) would be different if there were appreciable air resistance.

(a)The given values are:

Mass of watermelon, m = 4.80 kg

Height from which watermelon is dropped, h = 25.0 m

Work done by gravity on the watermelon when it is displaced from the roof to the ground can be calculated as follows:

Work done by gravity, W = mg hwhere,g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s²m = mass of the watermelon = 4.80 kg

h = height of the building from which the watermelon is dropped = 25.0 m

Substituting these values, we get:W = (4.80 kg) (9.81 m/s²) (25.0 m)W = 1,182 J

Therefore, the work done by gravity on the watermelon during its displacement from the roof to the ground is 1,182 J.

(b) The watermelon's (i) kinetic energy and (ii) speed just before it strikes the ground is:(i) Kinetic energy of the watermelon just before it strikes the ground can be calculated as follows:

Initial potential energy = mghInitial potential energy, U = (4.80 kg) (9.81 m/s²) (25.0 m)U = 1,176.6 J

Final kinetic energy, K = Initial potential energy, U

Therefore, Kinetic energy of the watermelon just before it strikes the ground is 1,176.6 J.

(ii) Let v be the speed of the watermelon just before it strikes the ground.

Kinetic energy = 0.5mv²where,m = mass of the watermelon = 4.80 kgK = Kinetic energy of the watermelon just before it strikes the ground = 1,176.6 J

Substituting these values, we get:K = 0.5mv²1,176.6 J = 0.5 (4.80 kg) v²2,353.2 J/kg = v²

Taking square root of both sides, we get:v = 48.49 m/s

Therefore, the watermelon's (i) kinetic energy just before it strikes the ground is 1,176.6 J and (ii) speed just before it strikes the ground is 48.49 m/s.

(c) The answer to part (b) would be different if there were appreciable air resistance. The kinetic energy of the watermelon just before it strikes the ground would be lower if there were appreciable air resistance because some of the initial potential energy of the watermelon would be lost to the air due to air resistance.

This means that the final kinetic energy of the watermelon would be lower if there were appreciable air resistance.

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The relationship between pressure and force is defined as the amount of force per unit area of an object.

The equation for pressure is P=F/A

where P is pressure,

F is force,

and A is the area.

The force can be defined as the push or pull of an object.

This could be from gravity, a spring, or any other type of object.

The pressure is then how much force is being exerted on an object per unit of area.

This means that if the force is increased while the area remains the same, the pressure will increase.

Alternatively, if the force remains the same while the area is increased, the pressure will decrease.

The relationship between pressure and force is essential in many aspects of physics, including fluid dynamics and aerodynamics.

In these fields, pressure is a critical component in understanding the behavior of fluids and gases.

For example, in fluid dynamics, the pressure of a fluid can be used to predict how the fluid will flow through a system. Similarly, in aerodynamics, pressure can be used to predict how air will flow over an airplane wing, which is essential in designing aircraft.

The relationship between pressure and force is a fundamental concept in physics.

Understanding how these two quantities relate to one another is critical in many areas of science and engineering.

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Answer:

I would wanna meet juice if he was still alive ofc

Explanation:

Answer:

Sound waves bend around the corners of various obstacles.

Explanation:

I took the test

The distance between charge 1 and 3 is equal to 20 cm and the force between charge 1 and 3 is equal to force between charge 1 and 3 that is 0.9 Newton and the force between charge 2 and 3 is equal to 1.41 Newton.

Electric charges are basic property of matter carried by some elementary particles that governs how the particles are affected by an electric or magnetic field. Electric charge, which can be positive or negative, occurs in discrete natural units and is neither created nor destroyed.

Coulomb's law states that like charges repel and opposite charges attract, with a force proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Given:

Magnitude on charge 1 = 4 μC

Magnitude on charge 2 = 4 μC

Magnitude on charge 3 = 1 μC

Distance between charge 1 and 2 = 32 cm

Distance of charge 3 from center of charge 1 and 2 = 12 cm

Distance between charge 1 and 3 can be find using Pythagoras theorem.

Distance between charge 1 and 3 = √(256 + 144)

Distance between charge 1 and 3 = 20cm

Similarly Distance between charge 2 and 3 = 20cm

Force between charge 1 and 3 can be found using coulomb law.

Force between charge 1 and 3 = (9 × 4 × 1)/40

Force between charge 1 and 3 = 36/40

Force between charge 1 and 3 = 0.9 Newton

Similarly using symmetry, force between charge 2 and 3 = 0.9 Newton

Force between charge 1 and 2 =(9 × 4 × 4)/102

Force between charge 1 and 2 = 1.41 newton

Therefore the distance between charge 1 and 3 is equal to 20 cm and the force between charge 1 and 3 is equal to force between charge 1 and 3 that is 0.9 Newton and the force between charge 2 and 3 is equal to 1.41 Newton.

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Answer:

Any two forces that are always opposite from one another are :

Explanation:

1. action forces

2. reaction forces

Visual clues that can indicate the presence of a refrigerant leak include frost or ice buildup, oil stains or residue, and unusual bubbles or discoloration on refrigerant lines or components.

When there is a refrigerant leak in a system, there are several visual indicators that can help identify its presence. One clue is the presence of frost or ice buildup on refrigerant lines or components. When refrigerant escapes, it evaporates and cools the surrounding area, leading to condensation and the formation of frost or ice.

Another visual clue is the presence of oil stains or residue. Refrigerant often carries lubricating oil, and a leak can cause the oil to escape along with the refrigerant. This can result in oil stains or residue around the leak point or on nearby components.

Additionally, unusual bubbles or discoloration on refrigerant lines or components can be indicative of a refrigerant leak. When refrigerant escapes, it can create bubbles or cause discoloration due to chemical reactions or contaminants.

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