Sn2 mechanism for nucleophilic substitution reactions involves one step and occurs with inversion of configuration is true.
Sn2 is a single-step mechanism in which the bond is broken by the attacking nucleophile from the back of the carbon atom. Two reactants are involved in this reaction.
In this mechanism, The nucleophile approaches the substrate at 180° to the carbon leaving group. The carbon-nucleophile bond is formed and the carbon leaving group breaks.
The nucleophile can attack at the same side where the leaving group is present or the nucleophile can attack from the opposite side of the carbon atom. Since complete inversion of configuration is required, so it is compulsory for the nucleophile to attach from the opposite side.
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2 examples of tetra atomic elements
Two examples of tetratomic elements are phosphorus (\(P_4\)) and sulfur (\(S_8\)).
1. Phosphorus (\(P_4\)): Phosphorus is an element that exists in various forms, including tetratomic molecules. The most common form of tetratomic phosphorus is \(P_4\). It consists of four phosphorus atoms bonded together in a tetrahedral arrangement.
phosphorus atom shares three of its valence electrons with other phosphorus atoms, forming covalent bonds. The remaining lone pair of electrons on each phosphorus atom contributes to the tetrahedral geometry of the molecule.
2. Sulfur (\(S_8\)): Sulfur is another element that can form tetratomic molecules. The most stable form of elemental sulfur is \(S_8\), where eight sulfur atoms are arranged in a ring-like structure.
Each sulfur atom is connected to two neighboring sulfur atoms through a covalent bond. The \(S_8\) molecule is often referred to as a crown-shaped structure. It is worth noting that sulfur can also form other allotropes, such as \(S_2\) and \(S_6\), but the \(S_8\) molecule is the most common form.
In conclusion, phosphorus (\(P_4\)) and sulfur (\(S_8\)) are two examples of tetratomic elements. These elements exhibit unique molecular structures and play important roles in various chemical reactions and biological processes.
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what is a solid? what makes something a liquid?
Answer:
In matter a solid is anything that retains its shape and density when not confined.
a liquid is made up of a tiny particles of matter such as atom and it is also able to flow and take up a shape of any container.
Sulfur reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide (SO2(g), Delta.Hf = –296.8 kJ/mol) according to the equation below. Upper S (s) plus upper O subscript 2 (g) right arrow upper S upper o subscript 2 (g). What is the enthalpy change for the reaction? Use Delta H r x n equals the sum of delta H f of all the products minus the sum of delta H f of all the reactants..
Answer:
\( -148400\)
Explanation:
\(2g \times n = - 296.8 kj\\ 2g = 0.002k \\ 0.002k \times n = - 296.8 kj\\ n = - 296.8 kj \div 0.002k \\ n = - 148400\)
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Just took the test :D
A sample of 0.53 of carbon dioxide was obtained by heating 1.31 grams of calcium carbonate. What is the percent yield for this reaction?
Step 1
The reaction:
CaCO3 + heat => CaO + CO2 (completed and balanced)
-----------------------
Step 2
Information provided:
Actual yield = 0.53
Crystal shield (CuSO4 . 5H2O) dissolves in water in the large tank.
CuSO4′5H2O(s) → CuSO4 (aq) + 5H2O(l)
Calculate the flux of CuSO4 and the transfer rate per unit area from the crystal surface to the bulk solution.
Data:
- There is a film layer around the crystal with a thickness of 0.01 mm and diffusion occurs in molecular form.
- The inner surface of the film layer is saturated with CuSO4 and the outer film layer is saturated with water vapor.
- 24.3 g crystal/100 g water at 275 K, density 1140 kg/m3
- Diffusion of CuSO4 in dilute aqueous solution 3.6x10-10 m2/s at 275 K
- Concentration can be taken at an average of 55.93 kmol/m3, water density 1000 kg/m3
Given:
Crystal shield (CuSO4 . 5H2O) dissolves in water in the large tank.CuSO4′5H2O(s) → CuSO4 (aq) + 5H2O(l)0.01 mm = thickness of film layer24.3 g crystal/100 g water at 275 K, density 1140 kg/m3Diffusion of CuSO4 in dilute aqueous solution 3.6x10-10 m2/s at 275 K
Concentration can be taken at an average of 55.93 kmol/m3, water density 1000 kg/m3The mass of CuSO4 that dissolves per unit area per unit time is called flux.The transfer rate per unit area from the crystal surface to the bulk solution is given by;\(\frac{dn}{dt} = D.
A\frac{dc}{dx}\)Where, D is diffusion coefficient A is the area of the interfacec is the concentration of the diffusing species in the filmx is the direction of diffusion
From the given data, crystal density can be calculated as;\(\frac{24.3}{100+24.3}=0.1955\)
Now, we can calculate the mass transfer flux from the given data;\(\frac{55.93}{159.61}=\frac{C_{CuSO_4}}{1140}\)\(C_{CuSO_4}=39.76 kmol/m^3\)\(J = -D\frac{dc}{dx}\)
Since the inner film is saturated, \(c_0 = 39.76 kmol/m^3\)
At the outer surface, there is no CuSO4 present and the concentration gradient is;\(\frac{39.76-0}{0.01*10^{-3}}= 3.976*10^6 kmol/m^4\)\(J = -3.6*10^{-10}*3.976*10^6\)\(= -1.43456*10^{-3} kmol/m^2s\)
Thus, the mass transfer flux is -1.43456 * 10^-3 kmol/m^2s.
The transfer rate per unit area from the crystal surface to the bulk solution is -1.43456 * 10^-3 kmol/m^2s.
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what is the total number of outer (valence) electrons in nitrogen dioxide, no2?
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is a chemical compound made up of one nitrogen atom and two oxygen atoms. The total number of outer (valence) electrons in nitrogen dioxide is 17outer (valence) electrons.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and the total number of outer (valence) electrons it has. To determine the total number of outer (valence) electrons in nitrogen dioxide (NO2), we need to first look at the individual atoms: nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O).
1. Nitrogen (N): Nitrogen belongs to Group 15 (or 5A) in the periodic table, so it has 5 valence electrons.
2. Oxygen (O): Oxygen belongs to Group 16 (or 6A) in the periodic table, so it has 6 valence electrons.
Now, let's consider the NO2 molecule, which consists of one nitrogen atom and two oxygen atoms:
Total valence electrons = (valence electrons of N) + 2 x (valence electrons of O)
Total valence electrons = 5 + 2 x 6
Total valence electrons = 5 + 12
Total valence electrons = In summary, the total number of outer (valence) electrons in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is 17.
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What is the for this Name 0.1013
Answer:
it s not on periodic table this is not real element
Explanation:
a 20.5g sample of cleaning detergent contains 8.61g of NH40H.CALCULATE the percentage composition of nitrogen in the cleaning detergent sample
Answer:
The mass percentage composition of nitrogen in the sample of the cleaning detergent is approximately 16.78%
Explanation:
The given mass of the sample of the cleaning detergent, m₁ = 20.5 g
The mass of the ammonium hydroxide, NH₄OH in the detergent, m₂ = 8.61 g
The molar mass of NH₄OH = 35.04 g/mol
The molar mass of nitrogen, N = 14.01 g/mol
Therefore, the mass, m₃ of nitrogen, N, in 8.61 g of ammonium hydroxide, NH₄OH, is found as follows;
m₃ = (14.01/35.04) × 8.61 g = (402,087/118,800) g ≈ 3.44 g
The mass of nitrogen, N, in the ammonium hydroxide, NH₄OH, contained in the 20.5 g sample of the cleaning agent, m₃ ≈ 3.44 grams
The percentage composition of nitrogen in the sample of the cleaning detergent, %N is given as follows;
\(\% Composition = \dfrac{Mass \ of \ component}{Total \ mass \ of \ cleaning \ detergent} \times 100\)
Therefore;
%N ≈ ((3.44 g)/(20.5 g)) × 100 ≈ 16.78 %
The percentage composition of nitrogen, %N ≈ 16.78%.
14) Of the following acids, __________ is not a strong acid. A) HNO2
B) H2SO4
C) HNO3
D) HCIO4
E) HCl
Hello! HNO2 is not a strong acid so therefore your answer is A.
A rule of thumb, the rest are strong acids, so when you ever come across a similar question you will be able to rule out the wrong answers quicker :).
Strong acid list:
H2SO4
HNO3
HCLO4
HCLO3
HCL
HBr
HI
hope this helps!
Air is an example of a mixture because the elements and compounds that make up air retain their individual properties.
True or False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
True definition of a mixture itself
when and why should we measure the evacuated mp of a compound?
The evacuated melting point (MP) of a compound should be measured when the compound is expected to decompose or react with atmospheric oxygen or moisture.
Some compounds can react with atmospheric oxygen or moisture during the melting process, which can cause the melting point to appear lower than its actual value. In these cases, it is important to measure the evacuated melting point, which is the melting point of a compound in an environment with reduced pressure and/or free of atmospheric gases, in order to obtain a more accurate value. The evacuated melting point is measured using a specialized apparatus called a melting point apparatus, which can control the pressure and atmosphere around the sample. This technique is particularly important for high-boiling and air-sensitive compounds. By measuring the evacuated melting point, one can obtain more accurate information about the physical properties of a compound, which can be useful for identification and characterization purposes.
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the mass of C02 contains same number of molecules as there are number of atoms in 2.3 g of sodium
1- mole of any Substance will have the same number of Molecules.
Molecular weight of CO2= 44
Molecular weight of H20= 18
So 18 g of H20 will contain the same Number of molecules as in 44 g of CO2.
Therefore 7.2 g of H2O will have same Number of Moleculesas in =7.2/18 x 44
= 17.6 g of CO2.
Single, double, and triple covalent bonds exist in chemistry. why does n2 have a triple covalent bond whereas o2 only has a double covalent bond?
The difference in the number of covalent bonds between nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) is primarily due to their electronic configurations and the availability of valence electrons.
Nitrogen has five valence electrons, while oxygen has six valence electrons. Both of these elements tend to achieve a stable electron configuration by filling their valence shells with a total of eight electrons, following the octet rule. However, there are exceptions to the octet rule for elements in the second period of the periodic table, including nitrogen and oxygen.
In the case of nitrogen, each nitrogen atom forms three covalent bonds by sharing three pairs of electrons with another nitrogen atom. This results in a triple covalent bond between the two nitrogen atoms in N2. By sharing six electrons through the triple bond, each nitrogen atom completes its octet, achieving a more stable electron configuration.
On the other hand, oxygen forms a double covalent bond in O2. Each oxygen atom shares two electron pairs with the other oxygen atom, resulting in a double bond. This allows each oxygen atom to have a total of eight electrons, satisfying the octet rule and achieving a stable electron configuration.
Overall, the difference in the number of covalent bonds between nitrogen and oxygen in their diatomic molecules, N2 and O2, respectively, is a consequence of the specific electronic configurations of these elements and their tendencies to reach stable electron arrangements.
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is a defense mechanism in which an individual acts exactly the opposite of his/her unacceptable impulses. a. projection b. sublimation c. denial d. reaction formation
The correct Option is (D), Reaction formation is a defense mechanism in which an individual acts exactly the opposite of his/her unacceptable impulses.
Describe sublimation.In sublimation, the form is altered without the essence. Converting the outlet or means of expression out of something negative and improper to a more positive or acceptable entails changing anything from solid to vapor in the physical sense.
How does heat change during sublimation?Molecules are transferred from the solid phase to a gas phase during sublimation. Because substances always release the heat while freezing because the solid phase has a lower energy than that of the liquid phase, Efus(sl)>0.
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What type of system is a home, school, or room?
Answer:
room
Explanation:
because it'd in your house and u go there everyday and sleep and live there
Which two features of Earth's crust involve tension?
O A. Convergent boundaries
B. Reverse faults
c. Divergent boundaries
O D. Normal faults
Answer:
The correct options are;
C. Divergent plate boundary
D. Normal faults
Explanation:
Tensile stress tends to pull objects part by acting axially upon the object to pull the object on a cross section perpendicular to the objects cross-section
The most common stress in convergent plate boundaries is compression stress
The most common stress in divergent plate boundaries is tensile stress
In the presence of tensile stress, normal faults results in the raising of mountains due to their enormous forces
Therefore, the features of Earth's crust involving tension are divergent plate boundary and normal faults.
Answer:c and d
Explanation:
22.20cm^3 of 0.045 moldm^-3 H2SO4 acid required 20cm^3 of Potassium hydroxide solution .Find the concentration of KOH solution in moldm^-3
How
fast does hydrogen break down in the atmosphere? 1 year 10 years
?
Hydrogen breaks down relatively fast in the atmosphere. In the presence of sunlight, hydrogen breaks down within a few years. However, in the absence of sunlight, it can take up to a decade (10 years) for hydrogen to break down in the atmosphere.
Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table with the symbol H. It is the most abundant element in the universe, but it is rarely found in its elemental form on Earth. It is often found combined with other elements such as oxygen and carbon. Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, and highly flammable gas. It is used in a variety of applications, such as fuel for vehicles, electricity production, and chemical manufacturing.
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A substance joined by this type of bond has a low melting point
Answer:covalent bonds
Explanation:
what will be the result of the reaction
(CH3COO)2+redP +Cl2
Answer:
(CH3COO)2 + redP + Cl2 → ClCH2COOH + HCl
Explanation:
This is an example of halogenation of carboxylic acids at alpha carbon atom. In this reaction, red phosphorus and chlorine are treated with carboxylic acids having alpha hydrogen atom followed by hydrolysis to form alpha chloro carboxylic acid.
calculate the mass of sodium sulphate required to prepare its 20%of solution in 100 g ofwater
Answer:
25 g
Explanation:
Mass percent implies the mass of solute dissolved in a solution
Mass percent = mass of solute/mass of solute + mass of solvent × 100/1
Since mass percent concentration= 20%
Mass of solvent = 100g
Let mass of solute = x
Hence;
20 = x/x +100 ×100/1
20/100= x/x + 100
0.2 = x/x + 100
0.2(x + 100) = x
0.2x + 20 = x
20 = x - 0.2x
20 = 0.8x
x= 20/0.8
x= 25 g
Given the standard enthalpy changes for the following two reactions
Given the standard enthalpy changes for the following two reactions:
(1) 2C(s) + 2H2(g)C2H4(g)...... ΔH° = 52.3 kJ
(2) 2C(s) + 3H2(g)C2H6(g)......ΔH° = -84.7 kJ
what is the standard enthalpy change for the reaction:
(3) C2H4(g) + H2(g)C2H6(g)......ΔH° = ?
The standard enthalpy change for reaction (3) is 117.1 kJ.
The standard enthalpy change for reaction (3) can be calculated by using the enthalpy changes of reactions (1) and (2) and applying Hess's Law.
To do this, we need to manipulate the given equations so that the desired reaction (3) can be obtained.
First, we reverse reaction (1) to get the formation of C2H4(g) from C2H6(g):
C2H4(g)C2H6(g) ΔH° = -52.3 kJ
Next, we multiply reaction (2) by 2 and reverse it to obtain 2 moles of C2H6(g) reacting to form 3 moles of H2(g):
2C2H6(g)2C(s) + 3H2(g) ΔH° = 169.4 kJ
Now, we add the two modified equations together:
C2H4(g)C2H6(g) ΔH° = -52.3 kJ
2C2H6(g)2C(s) + 3H2(g) ΔH° = 169.4 kJ
When adding these equations, the C2H6(g) on the left side cancels out with the C2H6(g) on the right side, leaving us with the desired reaction (3):
C2H4(g) + H2(g)C2H6(g) ΔH° = -52.3 kJ + 169.4 kJ = 117.1 kJ
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. SE7.12D Which of the following statements accurately represents the differences in
plant and animal cells?
Only plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large vacuole.
Only animal cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large vacuole.
Only plant cells have a cell membrane, mitochondria, and cytoplasm.
Only animal cells have a cell membrane, mitochondria, and
cytoplasm.
CLEAR ALL
Only plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large vacuole.
I hope this helped :)
Features which are found in plant cells only are the chloroplast, large vacuole and cell wall.
Plants and animal cells consists of the following parts ; Mitochondria, cell membrane, vacuole, cytoplasm and so on. The vacuole present in animal cells are much smaller than those found in plant Cells. Hence, vacuole in animal cells are called small vacuole Plant cells also consists of cell wall, chloroplast and a large vacuole. All these are missing in animal cells.Therefore, Only plant cells have "a cell wall, chloroplasts and a large vacuole."
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What's mass and volume when it comes from properties of matter?
Answer: Mass is the amount of matter in a substance. Volume is the amount of space matter takes up. Matter has both physical and chemical properties.
Explanation:Y w
2. As NH4OH is added to an HCl solution, the pH of the solution
A) increases as the OH- concentration decreases
B ) increases as the OH- concentration increases
C ) decreases as the OH- concentration decreases
D ) decreases as the OH- ion concentration increases
Answer:
c
Explanation:
Nh4OH + HCL ---> NH4Cl + H3O
so ph decreases as H3O increases
and OH also decreases
When NH4OH is added to a solution with HCI, the pH of the solution B ) increases as the OH- concentration increases.
Why would the solution increase?NH₄OH is a strong base as a result of the presence of the OH compound which is a base as well. Bases have high pH and acids have low pH.
This means that as the OH- concentration increases, the solution is being made to be more basic which would lead to the pH rising.
In conclusion, option B is correct.
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what evidence did wegener use to create his theory of continental drift?
Wegener used fossil evidence to support his continental drift hypothesis. The fossils of these organisms are found on lands that are now far apart. Grooves and rock deposits left by ancient glaciers are found today on different continents very close to the equator.
Answer: Similar fossils were found in different continents
Explanation: Mountains in North America appear to be part of the same chain of mountains as those in Northern Europe
The elemental mass percent composition of ascorbic acid (vitamin C ) is 40.92% C , 4.58% H , and 54.50% O . Determine the empirical formula of ascorbic acid.
The empirical formula of ascorbic acid is C6H8O6.
Empirical formula
To calculate the empirical mass of a compound from the mass percentage of each element, the value of the molar mass of each element is used, which in this case corresponds to:
\(MM_C= 12g/mol\\MM_H=1g/mol\\MM_O=16g/mol\)
From this, we consider that the compound has 100 grams, so the number of moles of each element will be equal to:
\(C = \frac{40.92}{12} = 3.41 \\H = \frac{4.58}{1}=4.58\\ O =\frac{54.50}{16}=3.41\)
Now, divide all the values found by the smallest value, to find the amount present in each element:
\(C = \frac{3.41}{3.41} = 1\\ H = \frac{4.58}{3.41} = 1.34\\O = \frac{3.41}{3.41} = 1\)
As you can see, the value of moles of hydrogen resulted in a decimal number, so it is necessary to multiply all values by a number in common until the three meet as integers:
\(C = 1 \times 6 = 6\\H = 1.34 \times 6 = 8\\O = 6 \times 6 = 6\)
So, the empirical formula of ascorbic acid is C6H8O6.
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A student is studying calcium, a highly reactive element that humans need for strong bones. Which characteristic of calcium is most closely related to its chemical reactivity?
The 20 protons in each atom of calcium
The density of calcium, which is 1.54 g/cm3
The atomic mass of calcium, which is 40.078 amu
The 2 valence electrons in each atom of calcium
Answer:D
Explanation:
Took the quiz
The 2 valence electrons in each atom of calcium this is a characteristic of calcium are most closely related to its chemical reactivity. Hence, option D is correct.
What is calcium?Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol of (Ca).an atomic number of calcium is 20.it is an alkaline earth metal. The atomic mass of calcium is 40.078 unit.
When metal atoms are reacts by losing they're losing their valence electrons. So, the reactivity of a metal depends on how easily its atoms lose valence electrons.
Calcium is a major mineral in our bones.
If you don’t get the right amount of calcium, you lose more bone strength.
The chemical reactivity of an element is dependent on its valence electrons and the distance of its valence electrons from the atomic nucleus.
The 2 valence electrons in each atom of calcium this is a characteristic of calcium is most closely related to its chemical reactivity. Hence, option D is correct.
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Which major branch of chemistry would be most concerned
with studying a series of chemical reactions in order to
measure the amount of heat being released in each one?
Physical chemistry a major branch of chemistry would be most concerned with studying a series of chemical reactions in order to measure the amount of heat being released in each one.
Understanding the physical characteristics of atoms and molecules, how chemical processes take place, and what these characteristics indicate are the main goals of physical chemists. Their findings are based on an understanding of chemical characteristics and a description of how they behave utilizing physics theories and mathematical calculations.Thermochemistry, which encompasses the study of the heat energy of chemical processes occurring during phase transitions like gas to liquid or vice versa, is one of the main examples of physical chemistry. It provides information on entropy, heat capacity, Gibbs free energy, or formation heat.For more information on chemistry kindly visit to
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A compound was analyzed and found to contain 25.24% S and 74.76% F. What is the empirical formula for the molecular compound
The empirical formula of the given compound was calculated to be SF₅.
Let us assume that the given compound is of 100 g. Thus, from analysis it is found that it contains 25.24 g of Sulphur and 74.76 g of Fluorine.
From the given weights, the number of moles can be calculated as:
Number of moles of sulphur = \(\frac{25.24}{32}\) = 0.789 mol
Number of moles of fluorine = \(\frac{74.76}{19}\) = 3.935 mol
The number of moles of both the elements will be divided by the lowest number of moles to obtain the lowest whole number value. Therefore,
For sulphur : \(\frac{0.789}{0.789}\) = 1
For fluorine : \(\frac{3.935}{0.789}\) = 4.98 ≈ 5
Thus, from the above values, it is understood that for each atom of sulphur, there are five atoms of fluorine.
Therefore, the empirical formula for the given compound will be SF₅.
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