How Brucella establishes infection within a hostArrange the following statements in chronological order:1) Infected macrophages can then traffic the bacteria to the lymph nodes and other sites within the body.2) The Brucella organism invades the GI tract by migrating through M cells.3) The Brucella organism is phagocytized by macrophages of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.4) Once internalized, the organism survives within the phogolysosomes and establishes an intracellular existence.5) The Brucella organism enters the host through exposure of the skin and mucosa or by ingestion.
Answers
The chronological order is
1) The Brucella organism enters the host through the exposure of the skin and mucosa or by ingestion.
2) The Brucella organism invades the GI tract by migrating through M cells.
3) The Brucella organism is phagocytized by macrophages of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.
4) Once internalized, the organism survives within the phagolysosomes and establishes an intracellular existence.
5) Infected macrophages can then traffic the bacteria to the lymph nodes and other sites within the body.
How Brucella establishes infection within a host? The following are the ways in which Brucella establishes infection within a host: Brucella organism enters the host through the exposure of the skin and mucosa or by ingestion. The Brucella organism invades the GI tract by migrating through M cells.
The Brucella organism is phagocytized by macrophages of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Once internalized, the organism survives within the phagolysosomes and establishes an intracellular existence. Infected macrophages can then traffic the bacteria to the lymph nodes and other sites within the body.
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Related Questions
PLS HELP ME WILL MARK BRAINLIEST
In the African Savanna, there are herbivores such as gazelles and zebras that feed on the grasses. Carnivores such as lions and cheetahs, also live in the area and eat gazelles and zebras. If a disease kills most of the gazelles, which best describes what might happen to the zebra population?
The zebra population would increase because of the increased competition for grass.
The zebra population would decrease because of the decreased competition for grass.
The zebra population would decrease because of increased predation by the lions and cheetahs.
The zebra population would increase because of decreased predation by the lions and cheetahs.
Answers
all you need is in the photo
Answers
Answer:
third or second one
Explanation:
Answer:
C
Explanation:
how can we model phenomena in the biosphere?
Answers
Ur welcome
VALUE BASED QUESTION (Write in about 50-100 words)
Consider the following two cases:
(i) A forest that is rich in biodiversity sees a decline in the animal population and clearing of a large part of the forest. The Government declared it as a biodiversity hotspot and the forest regained its species richness in few years.
(ii) A lake that is rich in marine fishes sees a decline in its species population due to over harvesting. The people living in the area made the lake a sacred grove and started worshipping it. The species population of the lake again became normal.
Answer the following questions based on the above information:
(i) Which values are being promoted in the above cases?
(ii) Suggest some ways in which you can contribute to this concern.
(iii) What would have been the effect if the forest was not declared a biodiversity hotspot?
Answers
The values promoted in this case are conservation. We can contribute by creating awareness about biodiversity. If the area was not declared a biodiversity Hotspot, the species of forest would have gone extinct.
What is a biodiversity hotspot?The variety of plants and animals that are found in a particular area is referred to as the biodiversity of that area. The major components of biodiversity are species evenness and species richness.
The region of high endemic species richness is called biodiversity hotspots. Two criteria for an area to be classified as a biodiversity hotspot are -
1500 species of vascular plants. 30% or less of its original habitat.Therefore, the values promoted in these cases are conservation.
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Explain the method scientists use to study how Earth's atmosphere and climate have changed during the past million
years
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Answer:
Scientists study Earth’s climate and the ways that it changes in a variety of different ways, using satellite, instrumental, historical, and environmental records. One challenge of using satellite and instrumental data is that their lifespans have been rather short when compared to Earth’s life. The satellite record is only a little over 20 years old and the instrumental record only extends back into the 19th century. Both of these records can be too short to study certain climate processes that occur over hundreds to thousands of years.
Explanation:
The blind spot in the human retina is the location that has the collected axons of _____.
Answers
The blind spot in the human retina is the location that has the collected axons of ganglion cells.
The blind spot, also known as the optic disc, is the point on the retina where the optic nerve exits the eye and sends visual information to the brain. This region lacks photoreceptor cells (rods and cones), which are responsible for detecting light and converting it into neural signals.
The ganglion cells in the retina collect and transmit visual information from the photoreceptor cells to the brain. These cells have long axons that converge at the optic disc and form the optic nerve. Since there are no photoreceptors in this area, it results in a blind spot in our visual field.
The blind spot can be calculated by performing a simple experiment. Close your left eye and focus your right eye on a fixed point, such as a small dot on a piece of paper. Then, move the paper closer to your face while keeping your gaze fixed on the dot. At a certain distance, the dot will disappear from your visual field. This occurs because the image of the dot falls on the blind spot of your right eye.
The blind spot in the human retina is the location where the collected axons of ganglion cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve. This area lacks photoreceptor cells, resulting in a gap in our visual perception. The brain compensates for this blind spot by using information from the surrounding visual field and filling in the missing information.
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hammerhead sharks aren't dangerous change my mind
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Answer:
LOLZ
Explanation:
What is heterozygous and homozygous????
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Answer:
Homozygous and heterozygous are terms that are used to describe allele pairs. Individuals carrying two identical alleles (RR or rr) are known as homozygous. While individual organisms bearing different alleles (Rr) are known as heterozygous.
Most signals that neurons receive from other neurons are ________, speeding up the neuron; some, however, are ________, slowing it down.
Answers
Most signals that neurons receive from other neurons are excitatory, speeding up the neuron; some, however, are inhibitory, slowing it down. The main answer to the question is that most signals that neurons receive from other neurons are excitatory, which speeds up the neuron.
Some signals are, however, inhibitory, which slows it down :Excitatory signals are those that excite or stimulate the receiving neuron and make it more likely to fire an action potential or transmit the information to the next neuron. Excitatory neurotransmitters include glutamate, acetylcholine, and dopamine, among others.Inhibitory signals, on the other hand, decrease the likelihood of the neuron firing an action potential or transmitting the information. Inhibitory neurotransmitters include GABA, glycine, and serotonin, among others.
The balance between excitatory and inhibitory signals is important for the normal functioning of the nervous system. An imbalance can result in a range of disorders, such as epilepsy, anxiety, and depression, among others.
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in a disputed parentage case, a child is blood type a, while the mother is blood type b. what blood type could exclude a male from being the father?
Answers
In the ABO blood typing system, blood type O is considered the universal donor as individuals with type O blood can donate to individuals with any other blood type (A, B, or AB) without causing adverse reactions.
If the child has blood type A and the mother has blood type B, it means that the child has inherited an A allele from one parent (which could be the father) and a B allele from the other parent (the mother). Since the mother has blood type B, she can only contribute a B allele to the child.
For the child to have blood type A, the other parent (potential father) must have at least one A allele. However, if the potential father has blood type O, it means he does not have any A or B alleles to pass on to the child.
Therefore, if the potential father has blood type O, it would exclude him from being the biological father of the child in this disputed parentage case.
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The _________ is a large structure that directs the cell's activities.
(please help me)
Answers
Answer:
Nucleus
because it's the structure directs all of the cell's activities, including reproduction.
4. When and where would you expect to find the highest rate of primary productivity?
• A. In the polar regions during the summer months
• B. In the polar regions during the fall
O C. In the tropics during the fall
O D. In the temperate regions during the summer months
Answers
It is expected to find the highest rate of primary productivity in the tropics during the fall (Option C).
What is primary productivity?The expression 'primary productivity' makes reference to the amount of biomass produced in an ecosystem by producer autotrophic photosynthetic organisms such as plants.
Primary productivity largely depends on the process of photosynthesis by which producers can generate carbohydrates by means of solar radiation.
The measure of primary productivity of a particular ecosystem is defined by the amount of energy that is transformed by photoautotrophic organisms such as plants and algae.
In conclusion, it is expected to find the highest rate of primary productivity in the tropics during the fall (Option C).
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how would you make a primary animal cell culture from a piece of mouse liver?
Answers
The process of making a primary animal cell culture from a piece of mouse liver requires careful attention to sterile technique and cell handling to ensure the success of the culture.
To make a primary animal cell culture from a piece of mouse liver, the liver tissue is first sterilized, dissected, and dissociated using enzymes. The resulting cells are then filtered, counted, and seeded onto a culture dish or flask containing a nutrient-rich medium. The cells are then incubated at an appropriate temperature and CO2 concentration and regularly fed with fresh medium. As the cells grow and divide, they may need to be passaged or subcultured to maintain their viability and prevent overcrowding.
Primary cell cultures are a valuable tool for studying the biology of specific cell types and for drug development and toxicity testing. However, making a successful primary cell culture can be challenging and requires careful attention to sterile technique and cell handling. Factors such as the choice of dissociation enzyme, the culture medium composition, and the culture vessel can all impact the success of the culture. Additionally, primary cell cultures have a limited lifespan and can only be passaged a limited number of times before they lose their viability and functionality.
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How many histone proteins make up the nucleosome core (the "bead" that the DNA is wrapped around)?
Answers
Answer: Eight histone proteins.
Explanation: The beads are called nucleosomes. Each nucleosome is made of DNA wrapped around eight histone proteins that function like a spool and are called a histone octamer. Hope this helps :)
Question 6
How do the structures of the animal tissues you looked at support the function these tissues have in the body?
Answers
Answer:
Animal tissues are composed of specialized cells organized in a specific manner to carry out specific functions. The structure of each tissue type is adapted to fulfill its specific role. Here are a few examples:
Explanation:
Epithelial Tissue: Epithelial tissues consist of closely packed cells that form a continuous layer covering internal and external surfaces of the body. The structure of epithelial tissues, such as having tightly joined cells and the presence of specialized cell junctions, helps provide a protective barrier, regulate the exchange of substances, and enable selective absorption and secretion.
Muscle Tissue: Muscle tissues are made up of elongated muscle cells called muscle fibers. These cells have a unique structure characterized by the presence of contractile proteins (actin and myosin) that allow them to generate force and contract. The arrangement of these proteins and the organization of muscle fibers into bundles or layers enable muscle tissues to generate movement and provide mechanical support.
Connective Tissue: Connective tissues have diverse structures depending on their specific type (e.g., loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone). Generally, connective tissues consist of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix composed of proteins, fibers, and ground substance. The structure of connective tissues allows them to provide support, connect and anchor tissues and organs, protect delicate structures, and store energy.
Nervous Tissue: Nervous tissue is made up of specialized cells called neurons that transmit electrical impulses and support cells called glial cells. Neurons have a unique structure with long extensions (axons and dendrites) that facilitate the transmission of signals. The structure of nervous tissue, including the branching of neurons and the formation of synapses, enables communication and coordination of activities within the nervous system.
A mutation in a gene results in a defective protein that is smaller than the normal, functional one. The mutation is probably a result of.
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The DNA sequence of a gene is altered to generate a different result, which is known as a genetic mutation.The DNA sequence of that gene is permanently altered.For humans to develop, which is the process of change over a number of generations, genetic variances are crucial.In one person, a spontaneous genetic mutation takes place.
What causes mutation?Errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens, or viral infection can all cause mutations.Somatic mutations (which happen in body cells) cannot be passed on to offspring, whereas germline mutations (which happen in eggs and sperm) can. Cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and sickle cell disease are examples of hereditary mutations.Throughout a person's life, further mutations may occur on their own.Spontaneous, sporadic, or novel mutations are the terms used to describe them.Only a few cells are affected. Mutations that are harmful can result in cancer or genetic diseases.A genetic disorder is a condition brought on by a change in one or more genes.Cystic fibrosis is a human example.A single gene mutation causes the body to create thick, sticky mucus that obstructs digestive organ ducts and clogs the lungs. There are certain point mutations that actually change the amino acid that the codon specifies.A nonsense mutation or a missense mutation may result from these point mutations.When the replacement creates a codon for a different amino acid, it is known as a missense mutation. Errors in DNA replication or the harmful effects of mutagens, such as chemicals and radiation, which react with DNA and alter the architecture of individual nucleotides, are the two main causes of mutations.DNA repair enzymes are present in all cells and work to reduce the frequency of mutations.To learn more about mutation refer
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What does the graph in figure 1 illustrate
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Figure 1 is a graph that illustrates the relationship between two variables in a system, as indicated by the direction and shape of the plotted line.
The graph may be used to identify the correlation between variables, the rate of change, and the characteristics of a system.The horizontal axis, or x-axis, is the independent variable, while the vertical axis, or y-axis, is the dependent variable. As the independent variable changes, the dependent variable is affected and changes in a predictable manner. The slope of the line shows the direction and steepness of the relationship between the two variables.
A positive slope indicates that as the independent variable increases, the dependent variable also increases. A negative slope indicates that as the independent variable increases, the dependent variable decreases. A slope of zero indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables.
The shape of the line, whether linear or nonlinear, indicates the rate of change between the two variables. Nonlinear relationships may be curved, such as exponential, logarithmic, or polynomial functions, or they may be stepwise, as in a staircase function. Linear relationships, on the other hand, are typically straight lines with a constant slope.
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The process in which mRNA copies of a gene are made and then transported to ribosomes and translated
into polypeptide chains is called _____
a. translation
b. protein synthesis
c. genetic sequencing
d. transcription
Answers
Translation is - The code on the m-RNA is translated into a changing of amino acids that make a specific protein. Occurs at the ribosomes
The central dogma is the process of the formation of the protein from DNA. The polypeptide chains formed from mRNA are produced through translation. Thus, option a is correct.
What is translation?The translation is the central dogma process that translates the transcripted mRNA copy into amino acids that interlink with peptide bonds to produce polypeptide chains. Translation occurs outside the nucleus.
The duplicated DNA undergoes transcription to produce an mRNA copy that gets transported to the ribosome that translates the mRNA with the help of the tRNA and rRNA to yield chains of amino acids that produce proteins.
Therefore, the mRNA is transported to the ribosome and gets translated to proteins through the process of translation.
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Which of these does NOT greatly affect climate?
A. Earth's Tilt
B. Angle of Sunlight
C. Seasonal Changes
D. Location on Earth
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Answer:
D...
Explanation:
how is mushroom farming done ?
Answers
Answer:
The six steps are Phase I composting, Phase II composting, spawning, casing, pinning, and cropping. These steps are described in their naturally occurring sequence, emphasizing the salient features within each step. Compost provides nutrients needed for mushrooms to grow.
The six steps are Phase I composting, Phase II composting, spawning, casing, pinning, and cropping. These steps are described in their naturally occurring sequence, emphasizing the salient features within each step. Compost provides nutrients needed for mushrooms to grow.2
What might two controlled variables (constants) Lisa would use for this experiment?
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There is no context so I will just explain what a constant is:
In an experiment following the scientific method, a constant is a variable that cannot be changed or is purposely not changed during the experiment.
An example would be:
If a researcher wanted to study the effects of temperature on the growth and development of garden snakes, the experimental variable for the experiment would be temperature. All other variables would need to remain consistent to avoid invalid data. The size of the cage, amount of light, food and many other variables would need to remain constant to ensure accurate results and a valid study. Those variables are constants. Some variables are not under a scientist's control, but are still considered to be constants. These constants are called universal constants and include gravity, the speed of light and electronic charge. Universal constants do affect experiments but will be constant through an experiment without being controlled by the scientist.
Plsssss answer this for meeee
Answers
Answer:
ABC
Explanation:
air contains water vapor, lake has liquid H2O, clouds contain water in liquid or ice form.
I do not see snow in this pic, but if you see snow then pick D as well.
subtle differences in dna sequences that vary from person to person are called . a. genomics b. pharmacogenomics c. dna microarrays d. single-nucleotide polymorphisms e. chromosomes
Answers
The subtle differences in DNA sequences that vary from person to person are called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs are variations in a single nucleotide base pair within a DNA sequence. They occur at specific locations in the genome and can be inherited or arise spontaneously. The correct option is d.
SNPs are the most common type of genetic variation among individuals. They can influence various traits and predispositions, including disease susceptibility, drug response, and physical characteristics. For example, a SNP in a gene coding for an enzyme responsible for drug metabolism can affect how an individual responds to a particular medication.
Understanding SNPs is crucial in the field of genomics, which studies the complete set of genes within an organism. Genomics aims to identify and analyze SNPs to determine their association with diseases, traits, and drug response.
In summary, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the subtle differences in DNA sequences that vary from person to person. These variations play a significant role in genomics, pharmacogenomics, and understanding human genetic diversity.
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is vinegar a solution?
Answers
Identify a factor that has influenced the wolf population on Isle Royale.
(other than moose population)
Answers
Diseases and environmental changes will affect the wolf population aside the population of moose.
What are the factors affecting population?The factors affecting population are those factors which determine the growth and survival of a species and hence, their population ina a given habitat.
The factors affecting population include:
availability of food and water disease environmental changes human activitiesWolves depends on moose for food.
Therefore, aside the population of moose, diseases and environmental changes will affect the wolf population.
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when both natural selection and mutation are occurring in a population, what is the result? selection and mutation are different evolutionary forces and so do not affect one another. selection is a stronger force than mutation, so an equilibrium is reached depending on the pattern of selection in the population. mutation always introduces alleles into a population, so an equilibrium is reached depending on the rate and type of mutations in the population. selection always removes deleterious mutations as fast as they are added to a population. an equilibrium is reached where the number of alleles added by mutation is balanced by the number of alleles removed by selection.
Answers
When both natural selection and mutation are occurring in a population, the result is an equilibrium where the number of alleles added by mutation is balanced by the number of alleles removed by selection.
It is important to note that selection and mutation are different evolutionary forces and do not affect one another directly. However, selection is a stronger force than mutation and can shape the pattern of alleles in a population. Mutation, on the other hand, introduces new alleles into a population, which can lead to genetic diversity. Ultimately, the equilibrium reached in a population depends on the rate and type of mutations and the pattern of selection.
In summary, the interplay between selection and mutation is complex and can lead to diverse genetic outcomes over time. When both natural selection and mutation are occurring in a population, the result is an equilibrium that depends on the balance between these two evolutionary forces. Natural selection acts on existing genetic variation to favor beneficial traits, while mutation introduces new alleles into the population.
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What is the haplotype in F1? What are the haplotypes in F2 (use Punnett square)? If r = 0.1, what are the frequencies of the haplotypes in F2?
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The haplotype in F1 is Rr. The frequency of the heterozygous genotype Rr by multiplying 2pq = 2(0.2)(0.8) = 0.32. In genetics, a haplotype is the complete set of alleles present at one or more loci on each chromosome of an individual organism.
Haplotype can refer to the combination of alleles or DNA sequence variants found in one region of the genome on the same chromosome. If an organism is heterozygous for a gene, it means that it has two different alleles for that gene.
F2 HaplotypesA Punnett square can be used to determine the possible genotype of offspring given the genotypes of the parents. From the Punnett square, we can see that the possible haplotypes in F2 are: RR (16 individuals)Rr (32 individuals)rr (16 individuals)Frequencies of haplotypes in F2
Given that r = 0.1, the frequency of the haplotypes in F2 can be calculated as follows: Frequency of haplotype R = pp
Frequency of haplotype r = qq
1 - pp = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2 (using the value of r provided in the question, we add it to the frequency of Rr from the Punnett square)
Since the genotype frequencies are represented by the square of their corresponding allele frequencies, the square of the frequency of R is p² = 0.64 and the square of the frequency of r is q² = 0.04.
Finally, we can determine the frequency of the heterozygous genotype Rr by multiplying 2pq = 2(0.2)(0.8) = 0.32.
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History taking is key part of each initial consultation. Which of the following is NOT typically included?
How the animal is behaving
What tests are going to be carried out
What the symptoms are
How the animal is eating and drinking
What treatments they are receiving (including non-prescribed)
Answers
Answer:
what test are going to be carried out
a living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology
Answers
A living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology refers to a genetically modified organism (GMO). GMO has been engineered to exhibit new traits or characteristics that can be beneficial for various purposes, such as increased crop yields or improved resistance to environmental stressors.
The process goes as follows:
1. Living organism: This refers to any organism that exhibits the characteristics of life, such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism. Examples include plants, animals, and microorganisms.
2. Novel combination: This implies the introduction of new or unique genetic traits that were not previously present in the organism's natural genetic makeup.
3. Genetic material: This refers to the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of an organism, which carries the instructions for the development, functioning, and reproduction of the organism.
4. Modern biotechnology: This involves the use of advanced scientific techniques and technologies to manipulate an organism's genetic material. Examples of modern biotechnology techniques include gene editing, gene cloning, and recombinant DNA technology.
To create a GMO, scientists use modern biotechnology techniques to insert specific genes from one organism into the DNA of another organism. This results in a novel combination of genetic material, which provides the GMO with new traits or characteristics that were not previously present. For example, a crop plant might be genetically modified to be resistant to certain pests or to tolerate specific herbicides.
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What section of the kidney is visualized in the image 6?
What parts of the coronal section of the kidney in the image is magnified? What part of the kidney A and B indicating in the image 6 and 7?
What is the structure C?
Name the structure D
What type of nephron is E and G?
Answers
In the image 6, the renal pelvis is the section of the kidney that is visualized.
The magnified parts of the coronal section of the kidney in the image are the Glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule. The part of the kidney A and B indicating in the image 6 and 7 is the Renal Cortex.
The structure C is the Renal medulla.The structure D is the Renal papilla.The type of nephron is E and G is Juxtamedullary nephron.
What is a nephron?The nephron is the functional unit of the kidneys. It processes the blood and removes waste products and excess water, producing urine.
The nephron is made up of two primary components: a renal corpuscle, which is composed of a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule, and a renal tubule, which is divided into several distinct regions.
The juxtamedullary nephron is a type of nephron that is located near the medulla.
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