You want to view an insect 2.40 mm in length through a magnifier.
If the insect is to be at the focal point of the magnifier, what focal length will give the image of the insect an angular size of 2.80×10−2 radians?
f=?? mm

Answers

Answer 1

The magnification formula is defined as:

Magnification=ΘiΘo

Where,

Θi= The angle subtended by the image

Θo= The angle subtended by the object

As we know,Θi= 2.80 × 10⁻² radians

Θo= ?

Magnification = Θi / Θo

Magnification = f / (f - u)

Here, f is the focal length and u is the distance between the lens and the object.

Therefore, we have,

f / (f - u) = Θi / Θo Or,

Θo = Θi (f - u) / f

Putting all the values in the formula, we get,

Θo = (2.80 × 10⁻² radians) × (f - u) / f

Given that the object is to be placed at the focal point of the magnifier, hence, the distance between the object and lens is,u = f

Therefore,Θo = (2.80 × 10⁻² radians) × (f - f) / f Or,

Θo = 0 radians

Hence, the focal length of the magnifier would be undefined as the object will not be seen through the magnifier in this situation, since the image is formed at infinity.

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Related Questions

What is the SI unit used to measure the temperature of a substance?
A. degree Celsius
OB
degree Fahrenheit
gram
OD
kelvin
ОЕ.
mole
Reset
Next

Answers

Answer:

Kelvin

Explanation:

Kelvin is the universal and scientific unit for temperature as Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures we use in everyday situations

Which two things might an object do when there are no forces acting on it?

Answers

Answer:

for one they will stay there. And another thing it will do is collect rust pretty much destroying it.

Explanation:

when two or more cars arrive at an intersection at approximately the same time, who goes first?

Answers

When two or more cars arrive at an intersection at approximately the same time, the general rule is that the car on the right has the right of way.

However, if the cars are directly across from each other and there is no clear right or left, then the car that is already in the intersection has the right of way. In situations where there is still confusion, it is always best to proceed with caution and communicate with other drivers to ensure a safe and orderly flow of traffic.
When two or more cars arrive at an intersection at approximately the same time, the question of "who goes first?" depends on several factors.
1. Check for traffic signs or signals: Follow the rules indicated by stop signs, yield signs, or traffic signals to determine the right of way.
2. Right of way at a four-way stop: If it is a four-way stop, the first car to come to a complete stop has the right to proceed. If multiple cars stop at the same time, the car furthest to the right has the right of way.
3. Right of way at a T-intersection: If it is a T-intersection (three-way stop), the car on the through road has priority over the car on the terminating road.
Remember, always prioritize safety and ensure all drivers are aware of their turn before proceeding through the intersection.

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Are there conditions under which the incident light ray undergoes reflection but not transmission at the boundary? if so, then what are those conditions?

Answers

Total internal reflection causes light to be completely reflected across the  boundary between the two media but not transmitted.

What is total internal reflection?

The term total internal reflection occurs when light is moving from a denser to a less dense medium such as from glass to air. This phenomenon occurs at the interface between the two media.

There are two conditions necessary for total internal reflection and they are;

1) Light must travel from a denser to a less dense medium

2) The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than the critical angle.

Total internal reflection causes light to be completely reflected across the  boundary between the two media but not transmitted.

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The semi major axis of an ellipse is the distance between the two foci of the ellipse. half the length of the longest diameter of the ellipse. half the length of the shortest diameter of the ellipse.

Answers

The semi-major axis of an ellipse is half the length of the longest diameter of the ellipse.

The semi-major axis of an ellipse is a fundamental parameter that determines its shape and size. It is defined as half the length of the longest diameter of the ellipse. The diameter of an ellipse is any line segment that passes through the center and has endpoints on the boundary of the ellipse. The longest diameter, also known as the major axis, is the diameter that has the largest length among all possible diameters of the ellipse.

To find the semi-major axis, we take half the length of the major axis. The major axis passes through the center of the ellipse and is the longest distance between any two points on the ellipse. By halving the length of the major axis, we obtain the semi-major axis, which represents the distance from the center to either focus of the ellipse.

The foci of an ellipse are two fixed points located on the major axis, equidistant from the center. The semi-major axis is indeed the distance between these two foci, as it is half the length of the longest diameter, which connects them. Thus, the semi-major axis provides a concise measure of the size and shape of an ellipse.

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If the sun had twice the mace how would that affect the gravitational force of the sun

Answers

Answer:  Gravity is the force that keeps planets in orbit around the Sun. Gravity alone holds us to Earth's surface.

Planets have measurable properties, such as size, mass, density, and composition. A planet's size and mass determines its gravitational pull.

A planet's mass and size determines how strong its gravitational pull is.

Models can help us experiment with the motions of objects in space, which are determined by the gravitational pull between them.

Explanation:

How far will a 70 N crate be moved if 3500 J of work is accomplished?

Answers

Answer:

18 meters

Explanation:

An engine produces 240 KJ of energy in 2.0 minutes. What is the power output of the engine?​

Answers

The power output of an engine is given by the equation:

Power = Energy / Time

Where Power is measured in Watts, Energy is measured in Joules, and Time is measured in seconds.

First, we need to convert the energy from KJ to J, since the SI unit of energy is Joules. Therefore,

240 KJ = 240,000 J

Next, we need to convert the time from minutes to seconds. Therefore,

2.0 minutes = 2.0 x 60 seconds = 120 seconds

Now we can calculate the power output of the engine by plugging in the values:

Power = Energy / Time

Power = 240000 J / 120 s

Power = 2000 W

Therefore, the power output of the engine is 2000 W (or 2.0 kW).

WHO HAS BIG BRAINS? not me... so please help?
What is isostasy dependent on a balance between?

A.)the downward push of the mantle and the upward push of the continents

B.)The downward push of the ocean floor and upward push of the continents

C.)The downward push of the continents and upward push of the mantle

D.)The downward push of the ocean floor and upward push of the mantle

Answers

Answer:

c

Explanation:

u only use 10% of your brain

Answer:

D

Explanation:

Isostatic equilibrium is the state of gravitational equilibrium between Earth 's crust and the mantle.

What quantity is the sum of the kinetic energy and all forms of potential
energy in a system?

Answers

The total mechanical energy of Lee Ben Fardest is the sum of the potential and kinetic energies. The two forms of energy sum up to 50 000 Joules.

A spherically spreading EM wave comes from a 2000-W source. Assume that the wave travels in free space. PART A What is the intensity at a distance of 4.7 m ?​PART B What is the rms value of the electric field at a distance of 4.7 m ?

Answers

The intensity of electromagnetic wave of power 2000 W at a distance 4.7 m is 7.208 W/m^2

The rms value of electric field at 4.7 m is 27.15 V/m

The power of the EM wave, P=2000 W

The distance, r =4.7 m

The intensity of the EMwave at r=4.7 m is calculated using the following equation,

\(I=P/A=P/(4\pi r^{2} )\)

\(or I=2000/(4\pi 4.7^{2} )=7.208 W/m^{2}\)

The rms value of electric field at r=4.7 m is calculated from the following equation:

\(I=1/2 εc E^{2}\)

\(E=\sqrt{\frac{I}{ εc} } =\sqrt{\frac{7.208}{3*10^8*8.85*10^(-12)} } \\\)

\(E=0.2715*100=27 V/m\)

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The frequency of waves from a radio station is 15 megacycles per second. Calculate their wavelength. Please help!!

Answers

The wavelength of waves whose frequency of waves from a radio station is 15 megacycles per second is 20m

Given the frequency of radio waves (f) = 15 megacycles per second

The number of complete wave cycles that pass a location in a unit of time is the definition of frequency. The SI frequency unit is called a Hertz (Hz). A sinusoidal wave's frequency is defined as the total number of full oscillations that every wave constituent performs in a unit of time.

Let the wavelength = ∧

The speed of light waves (v) = 3 x 10^8m/s

We know that frequency = velocity/wavelength

Then f = v/∧ such that ∧ = v/f

∧ = 3 x 10^8/15 x 10^6 = 20m

Hence the wavelength of radio waves = 20m

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An acetate rod is rubbed with a cloth.
Explain why the rod becomes positively charged

Answers

A potential difference of 107.0 V is applied across the two collinear conducting cylinders shown in the figure. The radius of he outer cylinder is 12.0 cm, the radius of the inner cylinder is 6.0 cm, and the length of the two cylinders is 34.0 cm. What s the magnitude of the electric field just outside the surface of the inner cylinder? Tries 0/100

Answers

The magnitude of the electric field just outside the surface of the inner cylinder is approximately 329.2 V/m.

To find the magnitude of the electric field just outside the surface of the inner cylinder, we can use the formula for the electric field between two conducting cylinders.

The electric field (E) just outside the surface of the inner cylinder is given by:

E = (V) / (ln(r2 / r1) / (2πL)

Where:

V is the potential difference applied across the cylinders (107.0 V),

r2 is the radius of the outer cylinder (12.0 cm = 0.12 m),

r1 is the radius of the inner cylinder (6.0 cm = 0.06 m),

L is the length of the cylinders (34.0 cm = 0.34 m),

ln is the natural logarithm function,

and π is a constant.

Plugging in the values, we have:

E = (107.0 V) / (ln(0.12 m / 0.06 m) / (2π * 0.34 m))

Evaluating the natural logarithm:

E ≈ (107.0 V) / (ln(2) / (2π * 0.34 m))

Using the value of ln(2) ≈ 0.693:

E ≈ (107.0 V) / (0.693 / (2π * 0.34 m))

E ≈ (107.0 V) / (0.693 / (2 * 3.14 * 0.34 m))

E ≈ (107.0 V) / (0.693 / (2.13 m))

E ≈ (107.0 V) / (0.325 m)

E ≈ 329.2 V/m

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The change in frequency of a wave as its source moves in relation to an observer.
A)
Ultrasound
B)
Frequency
C)
Doppler Effect
D)
Echo

Answers

Answer: B) Frequency

Explanation:

Forces between particles increase as the particles move faster and farther apart.true or false

Answers

Answer:

True

Explanation:

The trip takes approximately 2 hours and covers approximately 1900 km. Which of the following best describes the velocity of the jets flight?
950 km/h southwest
950 km/h
3800 km/h southwest
3800 km/h

Answers

Answer:

The answer is 950km/h

Explanation

step one:

In this exercise, we are expected to solve for the velocity that best describes the filght of jets given the following data

step two

data

time taken t= 2 hours

distance coverd= 1900km

we know that speed= distance/time taken

i.e s=d/t

step three:

substituting our  into the expression we can solve for s

s= 1900/2

s= 950km/h

Hence the velocity that best describes the flight is  950km/h

Why is it important to scientists for a hypothesis to be testable? How would the experiment differ if it were not? What is an example of each type? Write 3-5 sentences

Answers

The experiment wouldn't exist if the hypothesis were not testable, because, as it says, the hypothesis is untestable. Thus, no experiment can be done, and the hypothesis will always be neither true nor untrue because of lack of evidence either way.

Exercises 26 describe a situation. Identify all forces acting on the object and draw a free-body diagram of the object.
A steel beam, suspended by a single cable, is being lowered by a crane at a steadily decreasing speed.

Answers

The all forces acting on the steel beam are weight, tension in the cable and air resistance

The forces acting on the steel beam are:

Weight: The force of gravity acting on the steel beam, pulling it downwards.

Tension in the cable: The force exerted by the cable, which is holding the steel beam up and preventing it from falling.

Air resistance: The resistance of the air to the motion of the steel beam.

To draw a free-body diagram of the object, we represent the object as a point and show all the forces acting on it as arrows pointing away from the point. The size of the arrows represents the magnitude of the forces.

The free body diagram is shown in the figure

Where:

T represents the tension force in the cable

W represents the weight force of the steel beam

Note that the air resistance force is usually neglected in such diagrams, as it is often relatively small compared to the other forces.

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wind blowing across suspended power lines may cause the power lines to vibrate at their natural frequecny. this often produces audible sound waves. this phenomenon, often called an aeolian harp, is an example of

Answers

The phenomenon of wind blowing across suspended power lines causing them to vibrate at their natural frequency and producing audible sound waves is commonly referred to as an aeolian harp.

When wind flows across a power line, it sets up alternating areas of high and low pressure on either side of the line. These pressure differences can cause the line to vibrate back and forth, much like a guitar string being plucked. If the frequency of the wind-induced vibration matches the natural frequency of the power line, resonance can occur, resulting in a sustained and amplified sound wave.

The sound produced by an aeolian harp can vary in pitch and volume depending on the wind speed and direction, the size and shape of the power line, and other environmental factors. In some cases, the sound can be loud enough to be heard from a significant distance away, leading to complaints from nearby residents.

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How can seismographs be used to predict hurricane intensity?

Answers

Answer: The earth is a noisy place. Seismometers, which measure ground movements to detect earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and manmade explosives, are constantly recording smaller vibrations caused by ocean waves, rushing rivers, and industrial activity.

Explanation:

A 10 g thread of wool was produced by Julitha Barber of Australia in 1989. Its length was 553 m. Suppose Barber is standing a distance equal to the thread's length from a conver mirror. If the mirror's radius of curvature is 1.20 × 102 'm, what will the magnification of the image be?

Answers

The magnification of the image of Julitha Barber produced by the converging mirror is 0.0979

To find the magnification of the image, we need to use the formula:

magnification = -v/u,

where v is the distance of the image from the mirror, and u is the distance of the object from the mirror. Since the object is Julitha Barber standing at a distance of 553 m, we can take u as -553 m (negative because the object is on the same side as the mirror).
Now, we need to find the distance of the image from the mirror (v). For this, we can use the mirror formula: 1/v + 1/u = 1/f, where f is the focal length of the mirror, and is equal to half the radius of curvature (f = R/2). So, in this case, f = 1.20 × 102 m/2 = 60 m. Substituting the values in the formula, we get:
1/v + 1/-553 = 1/60
Solving for v, we get v = -54.12 m. (Note that the negative sign indicates that the image is virtual and upright.)
Now, we can use the magnification formula to find the magnification of the image:
magnification = -v/u = -(-55.6)/553 = 0.0979  (rounded to one decimal place)
Therefore, the magnification of the image of Julitha Barber produced by the converging mirror is 0.0.0979. This means that the image is 10 times smaller than the actual object and is virtual and upright.

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a truck of mass 1500kg is moving with a constant speed of 10m/s . what is the translation kinetic energy of the truck?

Answers

m=1500kg
v=20m/s
k=
2
1

mv
2

=1/2×1500×20
2

=300000J=300kJ
a truck of mass 1500kg is moving with a constant speed of 10m/s . what is the translation kinetic energy

The translational kinetic energy of the truck is 75000 Joules (J). The correct answer is 75000 Joules (J).

Given information:

Mass of the truck (m) = 1500 kg

Speed of the truck (v) = 10 m/s

The translational kinetic energy (KE) of an object is given by the formula:

KE = (1/2) × m × v²

where:

KE is the translational kinetic energy,

m is the mass of the object,

v is the speed of the object.

The translational kinetic energy of the truck:

KE = (1/2) × 1500 × (10)₂

KE = (1/2) × 1500 × 100

KE = 75000

KE = 75000 Joules (J)

So, the translational kinetic energy of the truck is 75000 Joules (J).

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When does a metal atom stop reacting

Answers

Answer:

When a metal element reacts with a non-metal element an ionic compound is formed. An understanding of the way the elements are bonded allows us to explain their typical properties.

Reactions between metals and non-metals include:

sodium + chlorine → sodium chloride

magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide

calcium + chlorine → calcium chloride

Explanation:

In all of these reactions, the metal atoms give electrons to the non-metal atoms. The metal atoms become positive ions and the non-metal atoms become negative ions.

A metal atom often stop reacting when it has lost all of its outer electrons.

Metal atoms often have few electrons in their outer shell.

Non-metal atoms does have plenty of electrons in their outer shell.

A Metal atoms lose the electron, or electrons, when in their highest energy level and tend to be positively charged ions.

Non-metal atoms often gain an electron, or electrons, so as to be negatively charged ions.

The loss or gain of valence electrons make ions to work with the octet rule and become more stable.

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What steps can you take in your everyday life to properly care for your skeletal system? (Site 1)

Answers

The steps which can be taken to properly care for your skeletal system

include performing exercises and eating foods rich in calcium and vitamins.

The skeletal system comprises of the muscles, bones, teeth etc and they

help to provide support and shape to the body. Eating the right food and

performing  certain activities will help care for this system.

Foods rich in calcium and Vitamin D and exercises such as running, weight-

bearing etc should be taken into consideration to aid proper care of the

skeletal system.

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Answer:

In order to properly take care of your skeletal system there are a multitude of activities or things you can do to improve the condition of your skeletal system. For starters you can exercise more often, depending on how much you already exercise because working out more is not always the best thing to do if you already have an intense exercise schedule. Then, you should take into consideration what you are eating and what vitamins, supplements, or medication you're taking. Once you have evaluated what your situation is, you should make a plan that best suits you based on your needs. Ingesting the proper nutrients and vitamins you need is essential to having a strong skeletal system, for example vitamin D and calcium are excellent supporters of the skeletal system.

Explanation:

This is what I wrote, change it up a bit and you'll be good. I got a 100% :)

Which method of popcorn popping transfers heat into the kernels without any direct
contact (nothing hot touched the kernels)? Explain.

Answers

Answer:

It is cause by radiation that's the answer

Explanation: the heat project sun rays towards the popcorn which causes it to pop

what is conflict? write it's effect in a society.​

Answers

Answer:

The results of intergroup conflict are largely negative in that such a struggle lowers the morale and weakens the solidarity of the group. Conflict causes social disorder, chaos and confusion. War as a form of conflict may destroy the lives and properties of countless individuals.

How do I solve this problem? Note option A is the wrong answer.

How do I solve this problem? Note option A is the wrong answer.

Answers

Answer:

B

Explanation:

Answer is B because the ball passes at 10 to 30

The tissue slice being imaged by a parallel beam x-ray CT scanner is
f(x,y)=rect(x/3,y+1/2)+rect(x,y).

(a) Assume the detector is a point detector. Sketch the projection g(l,theta) as a function of l, for theta=0, 45, 90, and 135 degrees, respectively. You should indicate the magnitudes of the projected values where necessary on your sketch.

(b) Sketch the image obtained by backprojections from both 0 and 90 degree projections. You
should normalize your back-projection using the dimension of the imaged region as indicated on
the figure.
(c) What will be the projected function for theta=0 if the detector is an area detector with width 0.1 cm. Sketch the projected function.
(d) Determine the Fourier transform of the original image along a line with orientation theta=45, and 90 degree.

Answers

The Fourier transform of the original image along a line with orientation θ = 45 degrees and 90 degrees are F{f(x, y) cos θx + sin θy} and F{f(x, y)}, respectively.

(a)When the tissue slice being imaged by a parallel beam x-ray CT scanner is f(x, y) = rect(x/3, y+1/2) + rect(x, y), and the detector is a point detector, the projection g(l, θ) as a function of l, for θ = 0, 45, 90, and 135 degrees, respectively can be sketched as follows. For θ = 0 degrees, the projection is shown below.  

For θ = 45 degrees, the projection is shown below.  For θ = 90 degrees, the projection is shown below.  

For θ = 135 degrees, the projection is shown below.  

(b) When the back-projection is carried out from both 0 and 90 degree projections and normalized using the dimension of the imaged region as indicated on the figure, the image obtained can be sketched as follows.  

(c) If the detector is an area detector with a width of 0.1 cm, the projected function for θ = 0 will be obtained by convolving the function with a rectangular pulse of width 0.1 cm as shown below.  

(d) The Fourier transform of the original image along a line with orientation θ = 45 degrees is shown below.  The Fourier transform of the original image along a line with orientation θ = 90 degrees is shown below.  

Therefore, the Fourier transform of the original image along a line with orientation θ = 45 degrees and 90 degrees are F{f(x, y) cos θx + sin θy} and F{f(x, y)}, respectively.

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If the conduction velocity of a human nerve fiber was 0.5 m/s, how long would it take you to withdraw your foot from a hot object

Answers

To calculate the time it would take to withdraw your foot from a hot object, given the conduction velocity of a human nerve fiber, we need to consider the distance traveled and the conduction velocity of the nerve fiber.

The time taken to withdraw your foot can be determined by dividing the distance traveled by the conduction velocity of the nerve fiber. However, it is important to note that the conduction velocity of a nerve fiber refers to the speed at which the electrical signals travel along the nerve, not necessarily the speed at which you physically move your foot.

Assuming that the conduction velocity of 0.5 m/s represents the speed at which the sensation of pain or discomfort reaches your brain from the nerves in your foot, it may take additional time for your muscles to respond and physically withdraw your foot from the hot object.

Therefore, the time it would take to withdraw your foot from the hot object cannot be determined solely based on the conduction velocity of a nerve fiber. It would depend on various factors, including your reaction time, muscle response, and other physiological factors.

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find the list number which is a perfect square and exactly divisible by 10,12and 15 b)(i) Propose a different renewable resource to use that would be a realistic solution to generating electricity without using fossil fuels or hydroelectric power in a grassland ecosystem.-Solar energy/PV cells-Biomass burning/ethanol production-Wind energy/wind turbines (a) In the figure below, m CED=50 and m AB = 140. Find m CD.(b) In the figure below, m VYW=36 and m VX = 62. Find m VW Find the general solution to a fourth-order linear homogeneousdifferential equation for y(x) with real numbers as coefficients iftwo solutions is known to be 3e^(2x) and 6x^(2)e^(-x) You would like to figure out what the underlying drivers are behind differences in two companies' ROE ratios. Which of the following would be most helpful?A. A DuPont Decomposition analysisB. Looking at Economic Value Added calculationsC. Computing liquidity ratiosD. Comparing ROA and the borrowing rate 10. Based on Reference Table J, which ofthe following elements will replace Pb fromPb(NO3)2?A) MgHAB) Au C) AgD) Cu Using the Distributive Property as a good first step to solving the equation, you could simplify to get which of these choices?7(5x + 2) = -4(6 - 5x)35x + 14 = -24 - 20x35x + 14 = -24 + 20x5x + 14 = 6 + 20x35x + 2 = -24 - 5x35x + 2 = 24 - 20x where are mucosal associated lymphoid tissues present in the human body and why witch angle is adjacent to a number of enzymes in the cytoplasm generate nadh, providing reducing power critical for electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. but nadh does not cross the inner mitochondrial membrane and hence the electrons it provides must somehow be delivered to the matrix. this is achieved by two important shuttle systems, the ____ shuttle, and the ____ shuttle, found in muscle cells. in one of these shuttles, the electrons from nadh are transferred to ____ , and the product of this reaction, ____ is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane, where nadh is regenerated by conversion of ____ . Solve a, b, c, d please and thank you. Itll help a lot. Tiffany inspects a batch of products by sampling 4 of them without replacement. If at least one of the products is defective in the sample, the whole batch is sent back. Tiffany doesn't know it, but in the batch he is inspecting now, there are 100 products and 14 are defective. If he samples 4 products from this batch without replacement, what is the probability that... a) All of the products in the sample will be defective? b) None of the products in the sample are defective? c) At least one of the products is defective and the whole batch is sent back? For all of the above, round to four decimal places. As the number of stocks in a portfolio decrease, the portfolios unsystematic risk will __________ at a/an __________ rate.A. increase / increasingB. increase / decreasingC. decrease / increasingD. decrease / decreasing ifa manufacturer of basketballs can tolerate that the volumes of theballs can have a 5 % error in the volume of the basketballs, whatis the maximum error we can tolerate for the basketball radius? The manager of a computer network has collected data on the number of times that service has been interrupted on each day over the past 500 days. The results are as follows:INTERRUPTIONS PER DAY (x)1) Does the distribution of service interruptions follow a Poisson distribution? (Use the 0.01 level of significance.) 8Q2) Referring to the data in problem, at the 0.01 level of significance, does the distribution of service interruptions follow a Poisson distribution with a population mean of 1.5 interruptions per day? What is the value of (sine 30 + cos 30 ) - (sin 60 + cos 60 ) Which of the following accurately describes the significance of the Hagia Sophia?a. It ensured that Christianity would always be the primary religion in the region.b. It showed that the Byzantines would resist Roman influence on their Greek art and architecture.c. It demonstrates the fusion of Greek, Roman, and later Arabic cultures in the city.d. Its destruction in the Nika Riots symbolizes the fragile peace of the Byzantine Empire. A projects cash flows are expressed in nominal dollars. The required real rate is 2.5 percent. The expected inflation rate is 6.15 percent. What is the appropriate discount rate for discounting the projects nominal cash flows? T/F. You need to use a dash and a space, when the speaker is on screen, every time a new speaker starts speaking or when the speaker changes. To which of the following should a speaker pay special attention in a speech about a concept?-avoiding technical language-using examples and comparisons-defining terms clearly